BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//CERN//INDICO//EN BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Aluminum (Al) accumulates within the root apoplast in an Al-tolera nt wheat cultivar DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-944@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Peter Kopittke (The University of Queensland)\nAcid soils comprise ca. 4 billion ha of the global ice-free land or ca. 40 % of the world’s arable land. In these acid soils\, the elevated solubility of Al-containing minerals results in increased concentrations of Al in the soil solution. Soluble Al is highly toxic to root growth\, reducing elong ation of roots in as little as 5 min due to an inhibition of wall loosenin g as required for cell elongation. Some plant species tolerate high levels of Al by releasing simple organic ligands (such as malate) to complex Al and reduce its toxicity. It is known that the secretion of malate from whe at roots occurs rapidly (within 15 min)\, increases with increasing Al con centration\, and occurs largely from the apical 3-5 mm of the root. Howeve r\, it remains unclear whether complexation of Al actually occurs within t he rhizosphere or whether it occurs within the root tissue itself. We util ized low energy X-ray fluorescence (LEXRF) to examine the distribution of Al within root apices of two near-isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat (ET8 and ES8\, being tolerant and sensitive\, respectively) that differ ca. 15-fold in their tolerance to Al. When grown in solutions containing Al at concen trations resulting in a 50 % reduction in RER over 48 h (i.e. 3.5 µM Al f or ES8 and 50 µM for ET8)\, concentrations of Al in the root apical tissu es were ca. 4- to 6-times higher for ET8 than for ES8 despite the magnitud e of the reduction in RER being the same. Of particular interest\, we comp ared ES8 and ET8 at Al concentrations causing similar reduction in growth\ , and it was noted that the distribution of Al within the rhizodermis and outer cortex was similar – most Al was located within the cell wall in a ll instances. In the present study\, we have shown that the ability of the Al-tolerant wheat NIL\, ET8\, to grow at elevated Al concentrations resul ts not only from a reduction in Al concentrations within the root tissue d ue to the complexation of Al by malate external to the root (i.e. within t he rhizosphere).\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contribut ions/944/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/944/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Microbeam Dosimetric Verification using Presage® Dosimeters DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-942@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Frank Gagliardi (William Buckland Radiotherapy Centr e)\nDosimetric properties of synchrotron microbeams are extremely difficul t to measure due to the small field sizes employed (typically 50 um width with 200 – 400 um peak-to-peak spacing) and must undergo rigorous valida tion before patient treatments can be performed on the IMBL.\n\nThe radioc hromic PRESAGE® dosimeter offers a unique opportunity to validate dosimet ry models in 3D with similar radiological responses to water over a wide e nergy range that includes synchrotron energies for SSRT and MRT treatments .\n\nOur previous work on the IMBL verified the dosimetric properties of s ynchrotron beams with ion chamber measurements\, radiosensitive film and M onte Carlo simulations for SSRT beams using 3D optical CT on water-equival ent PRESAGE® dosimeters.\n\nIn this work Laser Fluorescence Confocal Micr oscopy (LFCM) has been utilised to investigate the dosimetric properties o f MRT beams with water-equivalent PRESAGE® dosimeters.\n\nhttps://events0 1.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/942/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/942/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Combating multidrug resistance. Structure of an endotoxin modifyi ng enzyme DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-939@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alice Vrielink (University of Western Australia)\nMu ltiple drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria represents one of t he most intractable problems facing modern medicine. Colistin and polymyxi n are cationic antimicrobial peptide antibiotics which permeabilise the ba cterial outer membrane and have been used to treat infections. Resistance to these antibiotics is conferred by the modification of the lipid A headg roups with phosphoethanolamine (PEA) moieties resulting in a reduced negat ive charge of the bacterial surface and exclusion of the drug. This modifi cation is carried out by the enzyme\, lipid A PEA transferase (LptA). Rec ently a mobile colistin resistance determinant\, mcr-1\, encoding an LptA homologue was identified in MDR Escherichia coli. We have determined the crystal structure of a full-length LptA from Neisseria sp. to 2.75Å reso lution. The structure reveals a previously uncharacterized helical membra ne domain and a periplasmic facing soluble domain. The domains are linked by a single helix that runs along the membrane surface interacting with t he phospholipid head groups. Two helical insertions containing conserved charged residues lie between two transmembrane helices and are implicated in substrate binding. Intrinsic fluorescence\, limited proteolysis and mo lecular dynamics studies suggest that the protein may sample different con formational states to enable the binding of two very different sized lipid substrates. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism of e ndotoxin modification and will aid a structure-guided rational drug design approach to treat multidrug resistant bacterial infections.\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/939/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/939/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:How to get the most from your XFM data: GeoPIXE analysis on MASSIV E DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-938@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Paterson (Australian Synchrotron)\nRichly deta iled high definition elemental images are routinely collected during exper iments at the X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM) beamline [1]. In additi on\, complex 3D data sets may be collected - X-ray fluorescence tomography and/or XANES image stacks. For many experiments there can be up to ¼ T B of raw data to process from a 3 to 4 day visit.\n\nThis presentation wil l describe the latest workflow now available to all AS users for GeoPIXE a nalysis [2\,3] on MASSIVE. Users can take advantage of the powerful combi nation of GeoPIXE software and parallel computing on MASSIVE. An account is automatically created for new users and a dedicated project created on MASSIVE for each experiment.\n\nUsers can continue data analysis with GeoP IXE in the same remote desktop environment they employed during their expe riment and easily collaborate and share data amongst experiment participan ts. The local computing requirements to run a MASSIVE desktop are modest\ , a laptop is sufficient\, although connection to a high definition displa y is useful.\n\nContinued investigation and reprocessing of elemental imag es (potentially with new two-pass multiphase method [4]) along with extrac tion of integrated spectra from regions of interest to verify rare and dil ute elements can be accomplished quickly and efficiently. Users can now g et the most from their rich data sets by continuing to deeply interrogate and explore their samples using GeoPIXE analysis on MASSIVE.\n\n\n[1] D. P aterson et al.\, AIP Conference Proceedings 1365\, 219 (2011).\n\n[2] C. G . Ryan\, Int. J. of Imaging Systems and Tech. 11\, 219 (2000).\n\n[3] C. G . Ryan et al.\, J. of Physics: Conf. Series 499\, 012002 (2014).\n\n[4] D. L. Howard et al.\, Australian Synchrotron User Meeting 2016.\n\nhttps://e vents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/938/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/938/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Controlling the Edge-on vs. Face-on Stacking of Semicodundcting Po lymers Using Diffusive Noncovalent Interactions DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-937@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Chris McNeill (Monash University)\nIn thin films of semiconductor polymers\, the polymer chains often exhibit distinct orienta tion with respect to the substrate. The planar π-face of the backbone typ ically orients either in an edge-on or face-on manner. Generally\, an edge -on alignment is thought to be favourable for transport in thin film trans istors\, whereas face-on alignment is considered to improve vertical trans port as desired in solar cells. However\, molecular orientation is among t he very few parameters that usually cannot be controlled when tailoring ne w semiconducting polymers. Here we show for an important class of semicond ucting polymer that both the mode of orientation as well as the degree of alignment can be well controlled by exploiting diffusive non-covalent inte ractions along the backbone. Studying polydiketopyrrolopyrroles (PDPPs) as a case study\, by strategically varying chemical structure we demonstrate systematic variation in molecular orientation with degree of chain planar ization resulting from different degrees of diffusive non-covalent interac tions. This observation opens the possibility of controlling and optimizin g the orientation of semiconducting polymer chains in thin films by ration al design.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/9 37/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/937/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Breast cancer rotational radiotherapy with synchrotron radiation DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-935@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Francesca Di Lillo (Dept. of Phys. "Ettore Pancini"\ , University of Naples Federico II\,Naples\, Italy & INFN\, Sez. Napoli\, Italy)\nIn 2012\, J. Boone proposed the external-beam kilovoltage radioth erapy of the breast cancer with a dedicated setup adopting an orthovoltage X-ray tube [1] rotating in full circles around the breast\, with the woma n in prone position. For comparison\, conventional radiotherapy for breast cancer adopts a medical linac irradiating the breast with tangential beam s\, in supine position: the megavoltage X-ray beam produces a buildup effe ct for skin tissue sparing. We propose a new technique for image guided ro tational radiotherapy of breast cancer for the pendant breast (SR-EBRT)\, using a synchrotron radiation (SR) collimated beam [2\,3]. The use of the high-flux monoenergetic SR beam permits to obtain dose delivery times comp arable to the one of conventional radiotherapy\, and to select the optimal photon energy\, in a parallel beam geometry. The same setup may produce b reast CT scans for tumor 3D localization and beam centering. We carried ou t a proof-of-principle study of the SR-EBRT technique at the Imaging and M edical Beamline (IMBL) of the Australian Synchrotron (AS). The experimenta l plan included dose distribution measurements with TLDs\, radiochromic fi lms and ionization chambers in cylindrical PMMA and PE phantoms\, at 60 ke V. This study showed a 7:1 tumor-to-skin ratio and the possibility of real izing dose-painting by multiple rotations. SR-EBRT with SR beam could be a dopted for partial irradiation\, dose painting\, and whole breast irradiat ion with a skin sparing effect close to that of orthovoltage EBRT at 320 k Vp and the potential for high-resolution image-guided radiotherapy. A furt her investigative goal is SR-EBRT at low energy (60-100 keV) coupled to go ld nanoparticles or iodine contrast agent for dose-enhanced breast SR-EBRT .\n\nReferences\n\n[1] N. D. Prionas\, S. E. McKenney\, R. L. Stern\, J . M. Boone\, “Kilovoltage Rotational External Beam Radiotherapy on a Bre ast Computed Tomography Platform: A Feasibility Study”\, Int. J. Radiati on Oncol. Biol. Phys.\, 84 (2012)\, 533-539\n\n[2] F. Di Lillo\, G. Met tivier\, A. Sarno\, P. Russo\, “Towards breast cancer rotational radioth erapy with synchrotron radiation”\, Phys. Medica 32 (2016)\, 253-254\n\n [3] P. De Lucia\, G. Mettivier\, F. Di Lillo\, A. Sarno\, P. Russo\, “SR-EBRT: Synchrotron radiation external beam rotational radiotherapy fo r breast cancer treatment”\, Phys. Medica\, 32 (2016)\, 19\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/935/ LOCATION:NCSS Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/935/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Chiral Coordination Polymers and Cages DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-934@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Turner (Monash University)\nChiral metal-organ ic materials\, either infinite coordination polymers or discrete cages/cap sules\, are areas of considerable research interest due to their potential to act as catalysts for enantioselective reactions or agents to separate and purify racemic mixtures.\nTowards these ends\, we have recently been i nvestigating a series of enantiopure dicarboxylate ligands\, built using d iimide scaffolds\, their inclusion into both infinite and discrete complex es and the properties of these compounds towards a variety of guest specie s. Naphthalenediimides have been investigated for their ability to give r ise to interpenetrated networks some of which have shown activity in the r esolution of racemates by liquid chromatographic methods.\nCoordination ca ges have been prepared in which the coordination of four amino acids aroun d a copper paddlewheel induces helicity into the resulting M4L4 species. The direction of the helicity is a direct consequence of the handedness of the ligand that is used.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/ contributions/934/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/934/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structure of Concentrated Colloidal Suspensions using SAXS and SAN S DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-933@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Gary Bryant (Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Phys ics\, School of Applied Sciences\, RMIT University)\nColloidal suspensions of hard spheres are valuable experimental model systems for exploring pha se behaviour and dynamics in condensed matter. Such colloids form colloida l crystals at concentrations above the freezing volume fraction of 0.494\, allowing the investigation of the kinetics and dynamics of crystallizatio n. As colloidal particles are much bigger than atoms\, processes are corre spondingly slower\, and metastable states can be studied in real-time usin g the well-established technique of dynamic light scattering (DLS)\, or th e more recently developed technique of x-ray photon correlation spectrosco py (XPCS). In this work we explore how the use of Synchrotron Small Angle X-ray (SAXS) and Neutron (SANS) scattering can be applied to the study of structure in colloidal suspensions near the freezing volume fraction. In p articular we explore their advantages and disadvantages relative to tradit ional light scattering techniques.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/ event/39/contributions/933/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/933/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The Evolution of Surface Silica Nanoparticles on Coated Steel Surf aces under High UV and High Humidity Environments Observed Using Synchrotr on Macro ATR-FTIR Microspectroscopy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-931@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jitraporn (Pimm) Vongsvivut (Infrared Microspectrosc opy (IRM) Beamline\, Australian Synchrotron\, 800 Blackburn Road\, Clayton \, Victoria 3168\, Australia)\nCorrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent and of great concern in a wide range of industries\, particularly those i n transport\, aviation\, building and food sectors\, reportedly responsibl e for a direct cost of $276 billion per annum(1). Galvanization has been w idely used as a corrosion preventative method by coating the metallic surf aces with zinc that serves as a physical barrier to prevent corrosive subs tances from reaching the underlying metal. In tropical and sub-tropical cl imates with prolonged exposure to high UV and high humidity\, thermosettin g polymer coatings based on polyesters have also been used to provide an a dditional protection to the galvanized metal. This prevents the build-up o f moisture within the pits present on the metallic surface where the zinc oxide passive film is weak\, leading to localized corrosion(2). Recent adv ances in surface engineering using silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have all owed the development of innovative and highly functional surface coatings with enhanced corrosion resistance and durability(3). Nevertheless\, long- term effect of environmental factors upon these materials remains unknown. \n\n\nIn this study\, chemical evolution of SiO2NPs-embedded polyester coa tings on steel substrata was analysed after 5 years of exposure to tropica l/sub-tropical environments in Singapore and Australia using synchrotron-b ased macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy and surface topographic techniques. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on FTIR spectral data observed at 9% SiO2NPs shows differences in their response to environmental factors b etween the control group and the surfaces subjected to 3-year exposure. Th e clustering feature suggests changes in molecular structure of the coatin g resulted from the exposure\, which principally involved triazine ring vi bration in the melamine resins. Such molecular evidence corroborates well with the fact that the triazine ring is very sensitive to hydrolysis\, par ticularly under high humidity conditions in tropical environments.\n\n\n![ Fig. 1: (A\,B) microscopic and optical profiling images\, (C) synchrotron ATR-FTIR maps of carbonyl band in polyester resin\, and (D) PCA\, obtained for SiO2NPs-embedded polyester coating on steel discs at 9% SiO2NPs obser ved between control and after 3 years of exposure in Singapore.][1]\n\n\n\ n**References:** \n\n 1. G. H. Koch *et al*.\, Corrosion Costs and Prevent ive Strategies in USA\, *Materials Performance*\, Federal Highway Administ ration\, VA\, 2002.\n 2. R. Winston Revie *et al*.\, *Corrosion and Corros ion Control*\, John Wiley & Sons\, 2008\, 333-365.\n 3. M. J. Hollamby *et al*.\, *Advanced materials*\, 2011\, 23\, 1361-1365.\n\n\n [1]: https:// owncloud.synchrotron.org.au/index.php/s/7hjkCNUyhhuJN8x\n\nhttps://events0 1.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/931/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/931/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Effects of Solvents on Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET) Char ge Transport and Thin-Film Morphology of a High Mobility n-type Semiconduc ting Copolymer P(NDI2OD-T2) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-930@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Masrur Morshed Nahid (Monash University)\nThe intera ction between a solvent and semiconducting polymer plays a fundamental rol e in the formation of thin-films that are used to fabricate solution proce ssed organic electronic devices. Depending on this interaction\, polymer c hains form different aggregates in a solvent that affects film morphology and in turn\, charge transport properties. To realise efficient charge tra nsport in an organic field effect transistor (OFET)\, understanding the ef fects of solvents on film morphology is thus crucial. This study explores the effects of solvents on OFET performance and morphology of a high mobil ity naphthalene-diimide-thiophene based n-type semiconducting copolymer P( NDI2OD-T2) with Mn = 31.2 kDa and Ð = 2.1. In particular\, six solvents h ave been used ranging from tolerably-good solvents such as o-dichlorobenze ne to tolerably-poor solvents such as chloroform and chlorobenzene and poo r solvents such as p-xylene and toluene. A direct correlation between OFET mobility with the change in solvent quality is observed where average mob ility increases from less than 0.30 cm^2/Vs for samples prepared from tole rably-good solvents to ~0.55 cm^2/Vs for samples prepared from poor solven ts with a maximum mobility of ~1.5 cm^2/Vs\, thanks to an intermediate agg regate formation. Interestingly\, when molecular orientation is probed at the top interface by Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) sp ectroscopy\, this increase in mobility is found directly proportional with increase in backbone tilt angles with poor solvents showing more edge-on orientation\, resulting an efficient intra-chain charge hopping. Atomic Fo rce Microscopy (AFM) and Resonant Soft X-Ray Scattering (R-SoXS) were used to investigate inter-and intra-chain connectivity of polymer chains and t heir orientational correlations across the samples. With fibrillar microst ructures ranging a few hundred nm\, samples prepared from poor solvents sh ow correlations in the order of a few microns forming an efficient interco nnected microstructure. Moreover\, probing local order crystallinity of th in-films with Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (GIWAXS) exper iment indicates that samples prepared from poor solvents predominantly for m longer order and closely packed edge-on components compared to face-on c rystallites. Taken together\, improvement in the saturation mobility of P( NDI2OD-T2) samples prepared from poor solvents such as p-xylene and toluen e is attributed to intermediate aggregate formation in solutions\, that in turn orients polymer backbones in a predominantly edge-on registry and fo rms micron-long orientationally correlated microstructures.\n\nhttps://eve nts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/930/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/930/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Multi-technique investigations of nickel hyperaccumulator plant ec ophysiology DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-928@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Antony van der Ent (The University of Queensland\, A ustralia)\nOur team\, together with international collaborators\, has been studying plants that hyperaccumulator trace elements\, especially nickel\ , from various ecosystems around the world. The aim of these investigation s has been to advance our understanding of the ecophysiology of these unus ual plants. \n\nWe have employed a range of micro-analytical methods to re veal the in situ distribution\, biogeochemical pathways and chemical speci ation of nickel and other elements. Elucidating the cellular and tissue-le vel distribution of trace element ions is inherently challenging due to th e limitations of all analytical techniques. Therefore\, we have combined t he strengths of different techniques to interpret physiological processes in hyperaccumulator plants. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM )\, micro Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Scanning Electron Micro scopy- Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) have been used to ma p elemental distribution at the tissue-level and also at the sub-cellular level. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to reveal the che mical speciation of nickel and cobalt in intact plant tissues. The use of bright-field microscopy as well as SEM is essential for visualizing underl ying anatomical features of the plant material being studied. Optionally\, laser confocal microscopy in combination with selective fluorescent probe s can assist to map trace element ions. Critical to the use of all aforeme ntioned methods is appropriate sample preparation. The use of samples in f rozen-hydrated state is preferred to minimize the effects of radiation-dam age and movement of the sample during measurement. Therefore samples for X FM\, PIXE and cryoSEM are rapidly frozen either using liquid propane or a metal mirror technique to affect water in vitreous state (direct freezing in LN2 is not suitable due to the Leidenfrost Effect). The use of a small LN2 cryoshipper enables collection of samples directly in the native habit at in the field. If not measured in frozen-hydrated state\, then freeze- d rying is suitable for measuring/mapping elemental concentrations providing the freeze-drying protocol is undertaken at a low temperature (starting \ n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/928/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/928/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Far-Infrared Synchrotron spectra of Titan’s cyanide haze DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-927@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Rebecca Auchettl (La Trobe University)\nTitan is Sat urn’s largest moon and is the only planetary body in our solar system wi th a dense atmosphere that is comparable to Earth. Photochemical processin g of the two major atmospheric components (N2 and CH4) produce a suite of hydrocarbon and nitrile species\, from small hydrocarbons to large complex organic molecules (COMs) and polymeric nitriles (tholins). Tholins aggreg ate and coagulate to form suspended aerosols that descend in altitude from the stratosphere and settle on the surface of Titan. These complex molecu lar systems are responsible for the seasonal far-infrared absorption featu re at 220 cm-1 that remains unassigned. \n\nDespite the abundance of obser vational data from the recent Cassini-Huygens space probe to the Saturnian system\, there are few experimental infrared analyses on nitrile aerosols under temperatures and pressures simulating Titan’s atmosphere. Laborat ory far-infrared studies can elucidate the temperature\, pressure and part icle size dependence on infrared signatures of pure and mixed aerosols. Wi thout such experiments\, the fundamental morphology and identification of the unassigned far-infrared band feature of these nitrile aerosols remain unresolved. \n\nIn this talk\, we present the first infrared studies of ni trile-hydrocarbon and nitrile-water binary aerosols under conditions repli cating the Titan atmosphere. We utilize the specialized enclosive-flow-coo ling-cell (EFC cell) that is coupled to the THz/Far-IR beamline at the Aus tralian Synchrotron. This is the only setup in the world that has the capa bilities to study the far-infrared of aerosols like those detected on Tita n. Here\, our laboratory data will be compared and validated against Cassi ni mission data.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contribut ions/927/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/927/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:High Data Rate MX at the Australian Synchrotron. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-926@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tom Caradoc-Davies (Australian Synchrotron.)\nThe ad vent of the Eiger family of detectors has pushed the speed of MX experimen ts to new heights with SAD phasing datasets being collected in as little a s 1 second. The Eiger16M can produce 10Tb of data per day at a bandwidth o f 40Gb/s. These high data rates come with a range of benefits and challeng es for synchrotron facilities. With an Eiger 16M detector scheduled for de livery in December 2016 the MX2 beamline needs to be ready to meet these c hallenges. The requirements for beam and crystal stability\, robot speed\, network bandwidth\, fast processing and storage will be discussed and the Australian Synchrotron's plan to deal with these requirements. The likely improvements in data quality and collection speed will be significant\, c hanging the way the MX2 beamline is used. Due to the high frame rate (133H z full frame and 750Hz for 4M mode) significant high-frequency fluctuation s in beam position and/or intensity can have an adverse effect on data qua lity. The measures being undertaken to characterise the current beam motio n and upgrades to the MX2 optics (such as the MHFM mirror) will be discuss ed.\nFrom international experience beamlines upgrading from CCD to pixel-a rray detectors can experience issues where users are unfamiliar with the n ew detectors. As Eiger frames will look radically different to CCD images the "rule-of-eye" can no longer be used as a solid judge of crystal qualit y. Data representations from hundreds of summed frames may be required to produce a single CCD-equivalent image for visualisation. Tools for the gra phical representation of Eiger data in a user-friendly manner are being de veloped. Finally\, the planned collection modes and user automation will b e presented.\nThe Eiger16M detector can transform the capabilities of the MX2 beamline but requires a parallel transformation in the other beamline components so that it can deliver the maximum benefit to the user communit y.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/926/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/926/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Investigation of protein stability and activity in Ionic liquids ( IL) to control 3D Structure and Function of Simple and Complex Biomolecule s in a quantitative and systematic manner. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-925@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Radhika Mohandass (RMIT)\nRadhika Mohandass1\, Dilek Yalcin1\, Calum Drummond1 Tamar Greaves1\n1. School of Science\, Colle ge of Science\, Engineering and Health\, RMIT University\, Melbourne\, VIC \, Australia\nEmail: s3607967@student.rmit.edu.au\n\nIonic liquids (ILs) c an have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on proteins\, which is stron gly dependent on the cation and anion of the IL (1). Consequently ILs have potential to be tailored as beneficial solvents for enzymatic reactions a nd protein storage. The aim here is to develop detailed structure-property relationships between protic ionic liquid cations and anions and their ab ility to stabilize proteins. This will advance our understanding of specif ic solvent properties on protein stability\, such as cation\, anion\, ioni c strength\, salt concentration and pH. The understanding of protein stabi lity and function in ionic liquids will be advanced through employing an a pproach which builds molecular complexity from simple amino acids to multi ple amino acids connected by peptide (bonds) to proteins (2). The proteins of primary interest to this project are water soluble proteins\, which ar e also enzymes\, whose functionality is dependent on their 3-D structure. The quantitative approach will enable direct comparison of protein propert ies between these IL and IL-water solvents in conventional aqueous systems .\n\nReferences\n(1) Attri\, P.\; Venkatesu\, P. Thermodynamic characte rization of the biocompatible ionic liquid effects on protein model compou nds and their functional groups. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011\, 13\, 6566. \n(2) Patel\, R.\; Kumari\, M.\; Khan\, A. B. Recent Advances in the Ap plications of Ionic Liquids in Protein Stability and Activity: A Review. A pplied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2014\, 172\, 3701.\n\nhttps://events 01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/925/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/925/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Simultaneous orientation and strain determination in polycrystals using the Maia detector DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-924@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Henry Kirkwood (La Trobe University)\nX-ray micro-be am Laue diffraction is a powerful tool for mapping the orientation and ela stic strain within polycrystalline materials. Interactions between neighbo uring grains influence the macroscale characteristics of a material\, part icularly its deformation behaviour\, damage initiation and propagation mec hanisms. Here we report on recent experiments using energy scanning diffra ction of a polycrystalline nickel foil at the XFM beamline using the Maia energy dispersive area detector. Using the elastic back scatter measured b y the pixelated Maia detector we are able to determine local crystallograp hic orientation within the polycrystalline foil. Knowledge of the photon e nergy of specific Bragg peaks also makes it possible to determine the stra in state within the sample. Here the elastic strain was mapped across the sample and the full elastic strain tensor determined. These results thus d emonstrate the first steps towards simultaneous elemental\, crystallograph ic orientation and strain imaging at the microscale.\n\nhttps://events01.s ynchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/924/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/924/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Element-specific small-angle X-ray scattering studies of mineral n anoparticles in iron-fortified milk DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-923@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Bridget Ingham (Callaghan Innovation)\nMost of the d ietary calcium in milk is contained within casein micelles as so-called ‘colloidal calcium phosphate’ (CCP) nanoclusters around 2-3 nm in size . Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) have been used for several decades to study the internal structure of bovine casein micel les\, but there is lingering controversy over the interpretation of the sc attering data [1].\n\nRecent synchrotron scattering experiments have shed new light on this long-standing problem. Resonant soft X-ray scattering (R SoXS) of bovine milk at the Ca L2\,3-edges using beamline 11.0.1.2 at the Advanced Light Source\, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conclusively identified features arising from the CCP particles [2]. These measurement s were supported by experiments conducted using the SAXS beamline at the A ustralian Synchrotron where the milk chemistry was modified [3]. We have e xtended these techniques to investigate the mineral structures in iron-for tified milk\, using SAXS\, RSoXS (at both the Ca and Fe L2\,3 edges) and a nomalous SAXS (at the Fe K-edge). The results will be presented and the im plications discussed in terms of developing new food ingredients\; the ben efits and challenges of the RSoXS and anomalous SAXS techniques will also be discussed.\n\n[1] D. G. Dalgleish\, Soft Matter 7 (2011) 2265.\n\n[2] B . Ingham et al.\, Soft Matter 11 (2015) 2723-2725.\n\n[3] B. Ingham et al. \, Soft Matter 12 (2016) 6937-6953.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au /event/39/contributions/923/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/923/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Micro Materials Characterisation (MMC) Beamline: Scope and Focus DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-918@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Andrea Gerson (Blue Minerals Consultancy)\nCrystalli ne phase determination\, polycrystallinity\, strain\, grain orientation as well as defect structure\, migration and organisation are fundamental to the understanding of materials’ properties. The MMC beamline is the only facility planned for the Australian Synchrotron that will enable these pr operties to be spatially resolved at the micron scale.\n \nWe present th e current design and capabilities of the MMC beamline. In particular we hi ghlight its extensive potential application to both the scientific and to the industrial R&D communities and to the contributions that can be made t o Australia's strategic scientific and research priorities. The MMC beamli ne has enormous potential to provide a highly sophisticated tool that brin gs together industry and research.\n\nThe MMC beamline will be able to be used to address critical issues with respect to solar\, high-temperature a nd nuclear energy materials\, can enable novel studies of pollutants in th e environment\, can help understand geological processes\, mining and mine ral recovery and can even provide new information on biological materials. The reality is that the world is heterogeneous and that the micron scale is an important length scale where heterogeneities start to resolve themse lves into homogeneous crystals and structures.\n\nSynchrotron X-ray microp robes have commonly used a monochromatic X-ray beam. When the crystallite size is smaller than the incident beam size\, monochromatic diffraction me asurements yield either complete or fragmented Debye-Scherrer diffraction rings. These rings can provide considerable information. However\, monochr omatic radiation has the important disadvantage that where the crystallite size is of the order of or larger than the beam size\, few or no diffract ion peaks may be measurable for a given sample and detector geometry\, and hence vital information may be simply overlooked. To overcome this increa singly common circumstance a broad bandpass incident X-ray beam may be use d.\n\nThe MMC beamline's key capability will be the provision of both mono chromatic and Laue microdiffraction (\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org. au/event/39/contributions/918/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/918/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Cryo Soft X-ray Tomography of Cells DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161123T222000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161123T231000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-916@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Eva Pereiro (ALBA synchrotron light source)\nIn Stru ctural Cell Biology detailed structural and functional descriptions of the different cellular components must be correlated with a topological map o f these components at the whole cellular level. Cryo soft X-ray nanotomogr aphy (cryo-SXT) is a new complementary approach in this field that can pr ovide information at 50 nm (full-pitch) 3D resolution of the organelle org anization in whole\, unstained\, un-sectioned cells [1\, 2]. An overview o f the technique as well as examples of applications in the field of pathog en-host interaction will be presented [3\, 4\, 5].\n\n[1] Schneider G et a l. Nature Methods 7\, 985-987 (2010).\n[2] Carrascosa JL et al. J. Struct. Biol. 168\, 234-239 (2009).\n[3] Chichón FJ et al. J. Struct. Biol. 177\ , 202-211 (2012).\n[4] Kapishnikov S et al. PNAS 109\, no.28\, 11188-11193 (2012).\n[5] Pérez-Berná AJ et al. ACS Nano 10\, 6597-6611 (2016).\n\nh ttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/916/ LOCATION: Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/916/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:With the synchrotron and beyond the synchrotron towards the struct ure of the TIR-domain signallosome DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T041500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T050500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-915@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Bostjan Kobe (University of Queensland)\nTIR (Toll/i nterleukin-1 receptor\, resistance protein) domains are key components of innate immunity signaling pathways. They are found in animals\, plants and bacteria\, for example in TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and TLR adaptors in animals\, NLRs (nucleotide binding\, leucine-rich repeat receptors) in pla nts\, and virulence factors interfering with immune responses in bacteria. While it has been well established that signaling depends on regulated se lf-association and homotypic association of TIR domains\, every single TIR domain structure has revealed a different association mode [1]. In the se arch for common features\, we have targeted a number of TIR domains from m ammals\, plants and bacteria to characterize structurally. We used the Aus tralian Synchrotron to determine a number of TIR-domain crystal structures and study association using SAXS\, including those from the human TLR ada ptor proteins MAL [2] and SARM (unpublished)\, the bacterial protein TcpB from Brucella melitensis [3] and the plant immune proteins L6 from flax [4 ]\, RPS4 and RRS1 from Arabidopsis [5]\, SNC1 and RPP1 from Arabidopsis an d MrRPV1 from grapevine (unpublished). These crystal structures have start ed revealing common trends in the TIR-domain association modes\, in partic ular for bacterial and plant TIR domains. Furthermore\, for the TLR adapto rs MAL and MyD88\, we have been able to reconstitute large assemblies and determine the structure for the former by cryo-electron microscopy (unpubl ished)\, while we are characterizing the structure of the latter by synchr otron and X-FEL-based serial crystallography. Jointly\, these studies sugg est a general mechanism of function of TIR domains\, which involves "signa lling by cooperative assembly formation (SCAF)" with prion-like features t hat is consistent with signaling in other innate immunity pathways.\n\nRef erences\n[1] Ve et al\, Structure and function of Toll/interleukin-1 re ceptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains\, Apoptosis\, 20 (2015)\, 250-61 \ n[2] Valkov et al\, “Crystal structure of TLR adaptor MAL/TIRAP revea ls the molecular basis for signal transduction and disease protection”\, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA\, 108 (2011)\, 14879-14884\n[3] Alaidarous et a l\, Mechanism of bacterial interference with TLR4 signaling by Brucella TI R-domain-containing protein TcpB\, J Biol Chem\, 289 (2014)\, 654-68\n[4] Bernoux et al\, Structural and functional analysis of a plant resistanc e protein TIR domain reveals interfaces for self-association\, signaling a nd autoregulation\, Cell Host Microbe\, 9 (2011)\, 200-211\nWilliams et al \, Structural basis for assembly and function of a heterodimeric plant imm une receptor\, Science 344 (2014)\, 299-303\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotro n.org.au/event/39/contributions/915/ LOCATION: Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/915/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Synchrotron radiation imaging of aortic stent grafting: An in vitr o phantom study DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-912@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Zhonghua Sun (Curtin University)\nThis study was con ducted on a human aorta phantom with a commercially available stent graft placed in the aorta with the aim of investigating visualization of aortic stent graft by synchrotron radiation. Synchrotron tomography experiments w ere performed on imaging and medical beamline at the Australian Synchrotro n facility\, with beam energy ranging from 40 to 100 keV\, with spatial re solution of 19.88 μm per pixel. Computed tomography (CT) scans were perfo rmed on a 64-slice CT scanner with slice thickness of 1.0\, 1.5 and 2.0 mm . Maximal transverse diameter of stent wires was measured on synchrotron r adiation and 64-slice CT images at suprarenal stent struts and main body o f aortic stent graft. The stent wire diameter measured on synchrotron imag es was between 0.4 and 0.5 mm\, representing the actual diameter of wire t hickness\, while overestimated wire thickness was seen in 64-slice CT imag es with measured wire diameter ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 mm. There were no s ignificant differences in stent wire diameter between suprarenal stent str uts and main body stent graft by comparing two-dimensional (2D) axial (p=0 .93) and three-dimensional (3D) synchrotron image measurements (p=0.07). S ignificant difference was found between 2D and 3D synchrotron measurements of stent wire diameter in the main body of stent graft (p=0.001). In cont rast\, significant differences were found in stent wire diameter at the le vels of suprarenal stent struts and the main body of stent graft by compar ing 2D axial and 3D CT image measurements (p=0.03 and 0.001 respectively). Also\, significant differences were reached by comparing measurements tak en at the suprarenal stent struts and main body of stent graft with use of 2D axial (p=0.04) and 3D CT images (p=0.001). Synchrotron radiation provi des superior advantages over multislice CT for visualization of aortic ste nt wire structure with measurements representing the actual diameter\, thu s allowing accurate assessment of endovascular stent graft repair.\n\nhttp s://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/912/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/912/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Quantified\, multi-scale element mapping of geological samples usi ng the Maia detector array DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-910@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Louise Fisher (CSIRO)\nStudies of ore systems requir e microanalysis of samples to gather information on mineral chemistry. Inf ormation from in-situ microcharacterisation studies can be used both to re cognise mineral zonations and chemical relationships among mineral phases that provide a record of hydrothermal activity\, fluid chemistry and fluid -rock reactions. Such information is vital in constraining the physio-chem ical conditions during ore genesis and mineral alteration. \n\nThe Maia l arge solid-angle detector array on the X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM) beamline at the Australian Synchrotron is capable of collecting high-reso lution images of up to ∼100 M pixels in size with dwell times of less th an 0.2ms per pixel. Thus it is possible to document variation in mineral t extures associated with trace element chemistry by collecting quantified e lemental maps of geological samples on the scale of entire thin sections ( 5x2.5 cm) in a short time frame (6-8 hours). The analysis is non-destructi ve and allows variation to be recognised on centimetre scale while also re cognising zonations at the micron scale.\n\nThe large area scanning capabi lity and the geometry of the Maia Detector array have also led to this tec hnique becoming an effective tool for rare phase detection\; a result of t he penetrating power of synchrotron X-ray radiation and the consequent abi lity to image small grains within a sample volume (Ryan et al. 2014). The use of synchrotron radiation increases by ~70 times the chance of intersec ting rare phases compared to conventional 2D techniques such as SEM (Godel 2013).\n\nTwo case studies show-casing these different applications of th e Maia imaging approach to geological materials are presented: (1) an inv estigation of the microstructural and microchemical changes characteristic of large-scale fluid pressure cycling in vein-hosted high grade gold mine ralisation\; (2) a study of primary cumulus platinum minerals to understan d magmatic microenvironments.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event /39/contributions/910/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/910/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Synchrotron Industry Case Studies over 20+ years DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-909@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Andrea Gerson (Blue Minerals Consultancy)\nThis pres entation will provide an overview of industrial studies using synchrotron- based techniques undertaken over the past 20+ years by the presenter. The objective is to provide perspective on the wide scope of possible applicat ions and motivations for industry participation. These applications focus mainly on minerals and materials studies and have included: \n• wax c rystallisation from diesel fuels using in situ energy dispersive diffracti on and powder diffraction at Daresbury Laboratory\;\n• doping of tita nia pigments using XAS at Daresbury Laboratory and Hasylab\;\n• gibbs ite precipitation using in situ diffraction at the Photon Factory\, \n• Cu activation of sulfide minerals using XAS at the Photon Factory\, \n • analysis of glass lenses at the Photon Factory\,\n• Pt speciat ion during refining using XAS at Anka\, \n• Ni and U mineralogy using microprobe analyses at the Advanced Light Source and Advanced Photon Sour ce\,\n• Ni laterite leach residues using XAS at Anka\,\n• analys is of Ni alloys using microdiffraction at the Advanced Photon Source\;\n • cryogenic treatments of steels using microdiffraction at the Advanc ed Photon Source\, \n• chalcopyrite and pyrite leaching using SPEM at Electra and the Advanced Light Source\, \n• scaling in Bayer refiner ies using XAS at the Australian Synchrotron\,\nA wide range of companies h ave provided support of these studies including Exxon\, QAL\, Comalco\, Al coa\, Worsley\, Nabalco\, Biliton\, Rio Tinto\, BHP Billiton\, Amplats\, A nglo America\, Cytec\, State Governments and Tiwest. Examples from these s tudies will be presented. How to involve companies in projects involving s ynchrotron studies will also be discussed as will the issues limiting grea ter industry participation.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/3 9/contributions/909/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/909/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Investigation of microstructural variations in cold sprayed titani um after heat treatment DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-906@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Yuqi Ren (CSIRO)\nTitanium alloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their unique superiority of low density and high strength. In order to optimize the performance of Ti alloy\, prior k nowledge of the microstructure-property relationships and microstructural evolution as a result of processing should be studied. \nSynchrotron radia tion-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR µ-CT) has been developed a nd become a powerful tool for investigating metallic materials\, due to it s unique capability of non-destructive 3D characterization over various te chniques such as optical microscopy\, SEM and TEM. However\, it is difficu lt to quantitatively identify compositional distribution in some fine stru ctures that are smaller than the pixel size. In this article\, data-constr ained modelling (DCM) [1] based on SR has been applied for the purpose of resolving the partial distribution of multiple compositions in single voxe l more accurately of a cold sprayed Ti sample before and after heat treatm ent. SR µ-CT experiments were performed on imaging and medical beamline ( IMBL) at Australian Synchrotron (AS). Projections with effective pixel siz e of 0.65μm were processed by X-Tract [2] for background correction\, ima ge normalization\, phase retrieval\, ring artefact correction and CT recon struction. \nA cubic grid of N = 580 × 590 × 150 voxels was imported int o DCM software for compositional analysis\, cluster computation\, quantita tive characterization\, and 3D visualization [3]. Although the porosity is 5.1% before annealing and 4.5% after annealing\, the total number of void s cluster has decreased slightly after annealing compared with that before annealing. Quantitative information such as surface area and volume was o btained according to the cluster analysis. The surface area and the volume both have a trend of reduction\, however\, with an equivalent variation p ercentage. As a result\, the value of surface area-to-volume ratio of void clusters almost keep as the same level as the environment changed. The re sults reveal a smaller dimension and similar shape profile of void cluster s after heat treatment. \n\nReferences\n[1].S. Yang\, S. Furman\, A. Tullo h\, Advanced Materials Research 32 (2008) 267-270.\n[2].T. Gureyev\, Y. Ne sterets\, D. Thompson\, et. al\, Proceedings of SPIE\, 8141 (2011) 81410B. \n[3].Y. Sam Yang\, A. Trinchi\, A. Tulloh\, et. al\, AIP Conference Proc eedings\, 1696 (2016) 020029.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event /39/contributions/906/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/906/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Observing proteins at play: structural techniques to probe functio n DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-902@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Emily Parker (University of Canterbury)\nWe have use d protein crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering to understand t he way that enzymes respond to remote signals – a process known as allos tery (from the Greek *allos* meaning “other” and *stereos* meaning “ solid”). Allostery is critical to the control of metabolism\, and altho ugh allostery has been known for many years\, it is only more recently tha t the molecular networks that govern this communication in proteins have b egun to be unravelled in detail. \nWe have used a combination of structur al\, computational and biophysical approaches to examine the allosteric fu nction of several enzymes that operate at important control points in key metabolic pathways. We have used crystallography and small angle X-ray sc attering to demonstrate significant changes in structure and dynamics are part of the allosteric response. Our studies have revealed the details of the molecular events that are associated with the allosteric response and shed light on the evolution of allosteric properties by enzymes.\n\nhttps ://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/902/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/902/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Behaviour and Strength of Collagen Materials DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-900@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Hannah Wells (Massey University)\nCollagen is the ma in structural component of many natural materials including leather and su rgical scaffold materials derived from skin\, and heart valve leaflets der ived from pericardium. Strength is one of the key characteristics required for the application of these materials however the basis for strength in these materials is not fully understood. We have used small angle X-ray sc attering in combination with electron microscopy and atomic force microsco py to study the collagen structure in materials and better understand the behaviour of collagen fibrils during stress. Leather\, pericardium and sur gical scaffold materials were investigated\, and a relationship was uncove red between material strength and collagen fibril orientation\, fibril dia meter and d-spacing. While there is still many unanswered questions\, we a re making progress on understanding the relationship between collagen stru cture and material strength in collagen based materials. This information could be used to optimize these natural materials for application and assi st in the development of synthetic analogues of these natural tissues.\n\n https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/900/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/900/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:How big is that diamond? DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-898@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Duncan Butler (ARPANSA)\nDetectors using diamond for the active layer are becoming more popular in radiotherapy because they h ave a relatively flat energy response and can be small. Recently published modelling of a new solid-state diamond detector (PTW model 60019) suggest s that only a region of diameter 0.6 mm responds to radiation. The manufac turer’s specifications indicate that the active area is a disk of diamet er 2.2 mm. We measured the active area by collimating a synchrotron beam o f average energy 95 keV to spatial dimensions of 0.1 mm and scanning the d iamond through the beam. The measured area had a diameter of 2.4 mm\, in g ood agreement with the specifications when the beam size is considered. 2D plots of the diamond spatial response also confirm the shape of the activ e area.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/898/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/898/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Uranium (VI) absorption by tree bark in a column leaching experime nt DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161123T233000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-894@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Susan Cumberland (Australian Synchrotron)\nThe relat ionship between uranium (U) and organic matter (OM) has received increasin g attention in the fields of mining and remediation. Sediments and wetlan ds with high (%) OM content can accumulate U from groundwater\, and over g eological timescales lead to ore formations. The Mulga Rock deposit (13K t onnes of U) near Kalgoorlie\, WA is one example in Australia\, with many o ther examples found globally. Despite many occurrences of U-OM deposits\, U accumulation within the OM is not yet fully understood. Initial mechanis ms may include\; U sorption\, cation exchange and bonding to carboxyl\, ph enolic or hydroxyl functional groups. Sorption may later be followed by re duction of the U(VI) to more insoluble U(IV) for more permanent U fixation . The aim of this work was to test the sorption efficiency of U onto soli d OM and examine the material for change in U speciation and reduction of the uranyl ion by means of a column experiment. Ground up tree bark (TB) f rom *Eucalyptus Globulus* was selected for the solid OM fraction due to it s well characterized phenolic and carboxylic groups for binding to uranyl- type compounds. A comparison control was comprised of quartz-sand only. Fo r the experiment 80 mg/L U(VI) uranyl nitrate was passed through columns c ontaining either sand\, or sand with 20% TB (S-TB) at a rate of 1.25 mL/mi n. Outflow was monitored using in-situ probes (EC\, pH\, ORP) to obtain br eakthrough curves and fractions collected every 6 minutes for U concentrat ion. Breakthrough curves were more retarded in S-TB columns compared to sa nd only. U concentration of collected liquid fractions was ~ppb or not det ected\, implying high U retention by the S-TB. Furthermore\, XFM images an d XRF analysis revealed that U sorption occurred within the first third of the column. XFM also revealed that sorption occurred to OM in preference to quartz-sand. XAS-XANES analysis (U L3 edge) determined no change in U o xidation state on subsamples for either sand or S-TB. The U:Ca relationshi p\, obtained from XRF on S-TB subsamples\, was negative where U had absorb ed within the column\, and could be suggestive of ion-exchange. These resu lts show that eucalyptus tree bark is a powerful absorbent for soluble ura nium nitrate and provides a suitable solid organic material for use in U d eposit formation and remediation studies.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron. org.au/event/39/contributions/894/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/894/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The new RAIRS system at the THz/Far-IR Beamline - Laboratory Astro chemistry. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-893@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Courtney Ennis (La Trobe University)\nThe second hal f of 2016 has seen the completion of a bespoke experiment installed at the THz/Far-IR Beamline. Funded by the ARC through CI Ennis' DECRA project\, the apparatus has been designed for dual-purpose Matrix-Isolation and Refl ection-Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy studies. A chamber sitting within the beamline’s Bruker FTIR sample compartment reaches high-vacuum by dif ferential pumping. This chamber supports the second-stage of a compressed helium cryocooler where the mounted sample surfaces (either IR transmissio n windows or polished metal substrates for reflection studies) can be cool ed to 10 K. Low temperature chemical vapour deposition methods are used to deposit thin films of molecular ices where their morphologies can be cont rolled by annealing the solid. Alternatively\, inert matrices of noble gas es containing reactive radicals and intermediates could be produced by ele ctric discharge or photolysis of the deposition gas stream. 270 degree rot ation of the coldhead allows for sequential ‘sample deposition/spectrum acquisition’ for temporal film growth studies\, as well as allowing for transmission and grazing angle measurements to be performed on the same in strument.\n\nInitial experiments will interrogate the physical and optical properties of thin nitrile films. Small nitrile molecules\, such as hydro gen cyanide\, acetonitrile\, and propionitrile have all been identified in their condensed phase within the cold atmosphere of Saturn’s largest mo on Titan. The product of ongoing photochemical and fast particle processin g of nitrogen and methane in the ionosphere\, nitrile species transport to lower altitudes. Here\, they can condense as icy layers on the surfaces o f haze particles\, where the layer morphology is specific to the physical conditions present at the atmospheric location. The condensed-phase also a ct as sites where higher-order chemistry can unfold more efficiently than the gas – such as complex cyanide chemistry pathways thought to lead to amino-acid synthesis in cold\, extra-terrestrial environments.\n\nThis tal k will introduce our first forays into laboratory astrochemistry at the Au stralian Synchrotron\; connecting previous aerosol experiments to our curr ent thin-film work on nitrile ice morphology. Also highlighted will be new DFT methods (using computationally lenient code Crystal14) that have retu rned accurate vibrational frequencies\, particularly for intermolecular tr anslation and libration modes associated with the far-IR for molecular cry stals. Finally\, the capabilities of the new RAIRS system will be detailed to promote its use amongst the infrared beamline community as an addition al accessory for low temperature analysis of the condensed-phases.\n\nhttp s://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/893/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/893/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Exploiting Pressure to Induce “Guest-Blocked” Spin Crossover DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-892@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Suzanne Neville (The University of Sydney)\nSpin Cro ssover (SCO) is a phenomenon where a 3d4-7 metal ion reversibly switches b etween two electronic states\, namely high spin (HS) and low spin (LS)\, u nder an external perturbation\, such as temperature\, pressure or light ir radiation.[1] SCO behaviour is driven by short- and long-range lattice int eractions which enables spin state cooperative propagation throughout the material\, resulting in hysteretic and multi-step spin transitions.[2] Hof mann-type framework materials\, in particular\, are of interest as their r obust lattice structure allows direct correlation of magnetic and structur al effects in terms of both guest steric (i.e.\, internal pressure) and el ectronic effects.[3] This study focuses on a 2D Hofmann-type framework inc orporating a 1\,2\,4-triazole functionalised ligand where the application of hydrostatic pressure uncovers “hidden” SCO properties as well as th e range of host–host and host–guest interactions associated with these features.[4] \n\n\nReferences\n[1] P. Gütlich\, A. B. Gaspar\, Y. Gar cia\, Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013\, 9\, 342-391.\n[2] M. A. Halcrow\, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011\, 40\, 4119-4142.\n[3] P. D. Southon\, L. Liu\, E. A. Fellows\, D. J. Price\, G. J. Halder\, K. W. Chapman\, B. Moubaraki\, K. S. Murray\, J. F. Létard\, C. J. Kepert\, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009\, 131 \, 10998-11009.\n[4] N. F. Sciortino\, F. Ragon\, K. A. Zenere\, P. D. Southon\, G. J. Halder\, K. W. Chapman\, L. Piñeiro-López\, J. A. Real\, C. J. Kepert\, S. M. Neville\, Inorg. Chem. 2016\, accpeted.\n\nhttps://e vents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/892/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/892/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Role of the solvophobic effect in protein-ionic liquid interaction s DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-891@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tamar Greaves (RMIT University)\nBiological applicat ions which utilise enzymes\, or other proteins\, require the tertiary stru cture of the protein to be retained. However\, many proteins readily under go aggregation or denaturation when outside their native environment\, and /or over longer timescales. The stability of proteins in solvents other th an water is usually considered unappealing due to an assumption that the p rotein will be insoluble or denatured. However\, a few solvents\, such as glycerol and dilute alcohols have been shown to have protein stabilising p roperties\, such as in cryopreservation. \n\nPreviously we have developed extensive structure-property relationships between the chemical structures and mesostructures of non-aqueous solvents and the solvophobic effect exp erienced by amphiphiles for molecular solvents [1] and protic ionic liquid s [2]. Here we have extended this to develop a greater understanding of wh at solvent features are important for protein stability. We have utilised a series of small polar non-aqueous molecular solvents and protic ionic l iquids consisting of the four acid-base combinations of ethyl- and ethanol ammonium cations paired with formate or nitrate. Solutions were prepared of these solvents combined with water\, and with added formate or nitrate for the ionic liquids to explore a broad range of pH effects. For this in itial work egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was used. These solvent systems enab led us to explore the effect of pH\, solvent concentration\, solvent cohes ive energy density and polarity towards protein stability [3]. The activit y of the lysozyme was assessed based on its lytic activity towards Microco ccus lysodiekticusce using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The secondary and tertiary structures of the lysozyme were determined using Small angle X-Ray scatte ring (SAXS) and IR spectroscopy. Protein crystallisation studies have been successfully conducted for many of these protic ionic liquid solvent syst ems\, with significant differences in the crystal structures formed. \n\nT his work extends our understanding of protein stability in a wide variety of solvent environments\, and has enabled structure-property relationships to be developed for a protein in concentrated molecular solvent and proti c ionic liquid solvent systems. This work has the potential to lead to the development of tailored solvent systems to optimise protein stability.\n\ n\n[1] E. C. Wijaya\, T. L. Greaves and C. J. Drummond\, Faraday Discuss.\ , 2013\, 167\, 191-215.\n\n[2] T. L. Greaves\, C. J. Drummond\, Chem. Soc. Rev.\, 2013\, 42\, 1096-1120\n\n[3] Emmy C. Wijaya\, Frances Separovic\, Calum J. Drummond\, Tamar L. Greaves\, Phys. Chem. Chem.\, Phys. 2016\, DO I: 10.1039/c6cp03334b.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/con tributions/891/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/891/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural changes in an elastin hydrogel during extension and dry ing by small angle neutron and x-ray scattering DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-889@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Christopher Garvey (ANSTO)\nÈlastin is a highly ela stic protein found in connective tissue of vertebrates. It has an importan t mechanical physiological function by virtue of its highly elastic nature \, namely to provide recoil in tissue such as skin and vasculature. The st ructure is extremely stable being produced mainly early in life where it p ersists and is not replaced during a lifetime. The structure and mechanica l properties of elastin is important in many pathologies. In this study we examine the structural changes in a cross-lined elastin hydrogel during s tretching and drying with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)\, and with u niaxial deformation by compression in a specially designed cell\, by small angle neutron scattering (SANS).\n\nSAXS measurements from the hydrogel a t rest consisted of a broad isotropic correlation peak\nsuperimposed upon an isotropic decay in intensity. We attribute the correlation peak to the interaction between monomers and the decay in intensity to the fibres form ed by linking of monomers. As the free standing film is stretched the scat tering pattern becomes increasingly anisotropic. For subsequent stretches the induced anisotropy becomes increasingly irreversible as the sample dri es out. The position of the correlation peak moves to higher q and the dif ferent anisotropies exhibit varying degrees of reversibility during the ex tensional cycles. We attribute this loss of reversibility to the drying of the sample with water acting as a plasticiser. To decouple the effects of drying from extension we have measured the SANS pattern for the elastin h ydrogel during many cycles. Again the isotropic scattering pattern consist ing of a correlation peaks superimposed on decay. In this case\, while the anisotropic scattering pattern is entirely reversible\, with a small anis otropic shift in the position of the correlation peak. The role of water i n the plasticisation of tropoelastin is discussed.\n\nhttps://events01.syn chrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/889/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/889/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural basis of Plasmodium vivax specificity towards reticuloc ytes DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-888@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jakub Gruszczyk (The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute )\nUnderstanding the process of invasion is essential for developing strat egies to stop blood stage infection. An important feature of *Plasmodium* invasion is the host cell selectivity that the different species have for cells of the erythroid lineage. Indeed\, *Plasmodium vivax* preferentially invades reticulocytes which are immature red blood cells. Several members of *P. vivax* Reticulocyte Binding Protein (PvRBP) family have been shown to bind specifically to reticulocytes. One of the major unanswered questi ons in *P. vivax* biology is the identity of the reticulocyte specific rec eptor required for invasion.\n\nWe report the first crystal structures of the erythrocyte-binding domain from two members of the PvRBP family\, PvRB P2a and PvRBP2b\, which were solved at 2.12 and 1.71 angstrom resolution r espectively. Both structures share a strikingly similar fold with PfRh5\, an essential invasion ligand in *P. falciparum* and a leading vaccine cand idate for blood stage infection.\n\nWhile PvRBP2a binds both mature and im mature erythrocytes\, PvRBP2b exhibits strong specificity towards reticulo cytes. We have identified the reticulocyte-specific receptor for PvRBP2b. We characterized the ligand-receptor complex in solution using small angle X-ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. We generated monoclo nal antibodies toward PvRBP2b that inhibit the interaction with its recept or and solved crystal structure of reticulocyte-binding domain in complex with three different Fab fragments.\n\nThis study provides the fundamental characterization of the structural features that govern *P. vivax* red bl ood cell binding as a framework for generating new therapeutics and answer s the long standing question of the reticulocyte-specific receptor for *P. vivax* invasion.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contribu tions/888/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/888/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The MX2 goniometer story: the old\, the current and the new one DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-887@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Aragao (Australian Synchrotron)\nSample positi oning and rotation on the X-ray beam are critical experimental parameters for a successfully experiment . This becomes exacerbated when handling sma ll crystals on a micro-focus beam like the one provided by the MX2 beamlin e at the Australian Synchrotron. Here it is paramount that the centre of r otation is on the same location as the X-ray beam. For one hand\, any proc ession\, particularly if asymmetric\, around the X-ray beam will have an e ffect on data quality. On another hand parameters like temperature have a huge effect in changing the centre of rotation over a period of time meani ng that regular check of its alignment as well as good control of temperat ure on the beamline hutch is required over the course of an experiment. We present here the challenges presented with wear and tear of the old MX2 g oniometer\, the setup we had after deployment of an emergency repair and w hat we have now as the final solution after installing an XFEL like goniom eter in September 2016\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/con tributions/887/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/887/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:micro-CT analysis of metallurgical coke DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T001500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-883@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Jenkins (CSIRO)\nCoal is a highly complex and heterogeneous material. Certain coals will convert to coke when heated in the absence of oxygen. Coke\, which is a high strength reducing agent\, is required for conversion of iron ore into molten iron in a blast furnace . As such\, it is a key element in the steelmaking process. Annual expor ts of Australian coking coals amount to around A$20b. Our research has ex tensively utilised the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Sync hrotron to obtain micro-CT images which accurately map the microstructure of different coke samples. We use these images to relate the coke microst ructure to its strength and reactivity properties\, which account for its quality. Insights from the work assist in identifying new ways to improve the quality of coke made from a particular coal\, or blend of coals\, as well as identifying ways that models used to predict coke strength can be improved. Our research demonstrates the value of micro-CT imaging at the Australian Synchrotron as a research tool in cokemaking\, helping to keep Australia at the forefront of innovation in this field as well as to maint ain and extend the value of Australia’s metallurgical coal resources.\n\ nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/883/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/883/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Coflow and Fast-SEC Improvements on the SAXS/WAXS Beamline DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-880@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Nigel Kirby (Australian Synchrotron)\, Tim Ryan (Aus tralian Synchrotron)\nSmall angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an extremely useful tool for analysing protein structures that is becoming increasingly popular. SAXS displays a number of advantages over other techniques\, bu t radiation damage and sample consumption limit the utility of the techniq ue to the wider protein community. Of the various avenues being pursued to circumvent radiation damage\, we have focused on the dynamics of lamina r flow inside capillaries because of the well-known zero flow velocity at the edge of the capillary that causes elevated radiation damage. We have modelled the dose-distribution under laminar flow in the x-ray beam profil e\, showing the edges receive severe over-dosing if the sample fills the c apillary\, which requires overall under-dosing of the sample to manage rad iation damage.\n\nWe have developed a new method for SAXS which avoids thi s problem by limiting the sample flow to the centre of a sheath fluid whic h avoids the boundary condition for the radiation sensitive protein compon ent\, and acts as a barrier between the sample and the capillary wall. In practice\, this approach is very effective in reducing radiation damage\, allowing sensitive protein solutions to be exposed to at least 10 fold gr eater flux despite much lower sample flow rates. Up until this development \, protein experiments had to be run at a low flux\, but now the full flux of the beamline is a key limitation. There are a number of other advanta ges\, including that biomolecule samples do not come into contact with the capillary at all\, and hence do not stick\, and less samples is needed fo r the same degree of sensitivity\, improving the efficiency of measurement s. At the same time\, significant improvements have been made to the size elution chromatography (SEC) setup that push the capability essentially t o the limitation of SEC columns themselves. For routine samples\, this can halve the measurement time\, reduces the dilution in the system to that o f the column itself\, removes peak broadening of the SAXS measurement\, al lows quantitative UV measurement for normalising SEC traces by concentrati on during SAXS\, and reduces the delay between elution off the column to S AXS to only a few seconds reducing the potential for post-column recombina tion to a minimum. These developments represent a major advance for the cu rrent and future solution scattering beamlines that unlocks the full capab ility of current beamline technology for challenging and high throughput a pplications for solution samples.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/e vent/39/contributions/880/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/880/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:New Secrets Unveiled from the ‘Rosetta Stone’ of Neuroscience: Using Synchrotron Light to Study Fundamental Neurochemistry within the Hi ppocampus during Health and Disease DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-879@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Mark John Hackett (Curtin Univeristy)\nThe hippocamp us is a key anatomical brain structure required for spatial learning and m emory in all mammals. The structure of the hippocampus is highly conserved between mammalian species\, which highlights a fundamental importance to higher order brain function. As such\, the hippocampus is one of the most studied anatomical structures in the field of neuroscience. However\, much remains unknown about the underlying neurochemistry driving hippocampal f unction\, and many refer to this brain structure as the ‘Rosetta Stone ’ of neuroscience. Unfortunately\, the hippocampus is vulnerable to neur odegenerative conditions and disorders\, with selective neuron damage occu rring during Alzheimer’s disease\, and after epileptic seizures\, trauma tic brain injury and stroke.\nTechniques available at synchrotron light so urces offer the ability to study at cellular and sub-cellular resolution t he distribution of important biochemical and elemental markers of normal a nd abnormal brain function. Specifically\, Fourier transform infrared (FTI R) spectroscopy can be used to study markers of oxidative stress\, such as aggregated proteins and oxidised lipids\, within individual neurons of th e hippocampus. Complementary elemental information is provided by X-ray fl uorescence microscopy\, which is invaluable for providing a wealth of info rmation at the cellular level on ion homeostasis (Cl-\, K+\, Ca2+) and met al homeostasis (Fe\, Mn\, Cu\, Zn). A multi-modal approach incorporating F TIR and XFM\, in combination with histology and light microscopy enables i nvestigation of the mechanistic pathways through which excitotoxicty and d isturbed brain metal homeostasis contribute to oxidative stress and neuron al injury during disease. Specifically\, this presentation will discuss re cent findings regarding the underlying neurochemistry of the hippocampus d uring health and disease in rodent models of Alzheimer’s disease\, strok e\, and schizophrenia.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/con tributions/879/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/879/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Investigation of fungal infestation on metallic and polymer surfac es using synchrotron-based macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-877@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Vi Khanh Truong (School of Science\, Faculty of Scie nce\, Engineering and Technology\, Swinburne University of Technology)\nFu ngi possess the ability to colonize a wide array of surfaces\, including m etallic surfaces\; the product of colonization is the proliferation and fo rmation of a fungal biofilm followed by the degradation and alteration of the metallic surface. In particular\, microbially-induced corrosion on the surface of metals occurs due to changes in the local acidity\, creating g alvanic and differential aeration cells\, with the galvanic corrosion rate being shown to be a function of temperature. Three common fungi (*Aspergi llus niger* ATCC 9642\, *Aureobasidium pullulans* ATCC 9348 and *Epicoccum nigrum* ATCC 42773) were utilised to study the fungal spores adhesion\, h yphae development followed by the biofilm formation on different types of metallic surfaces (stainless steel SL316\, titanium commercial grade 2\, p olyester-coated steel and anti-fungal paints (Microban®). Growth behaviou r and molecular characteristics of fungal infestation on these surfaces we re monitored using scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron-macro ATR- FTIR microspectroscopy. It was found that three fungal species studied wer e able to attach and colonise the metallic surfaces after 18 h incubation. Hyphae development was observed after 3 days of fungal interactions with metallic surfaces except anti-fungal paints surfaces. The latter were colo nized by fungi after 7 days. ATR-IR microscopy revealed that only *E. nigr um* and *Aspergillus niger* were found to deposit pigments on these surfa ces.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/877/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/877/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Investigation of electronic and morphological changes from thionat ion of naphthalene diimide (NDI) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-873@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Adam Welford (Monash University)\nOrganic semiconduc tors (OSCs) possess many inherent advantages that allow them to be used ef fectively as organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Solution processabl ility allows rapid\, large area fabrication on low cost flexible substrate that make them ideal for specialized applications such as flexible displa ys and radio frequency identification (RFID).\n\nSmall molecule OSCs provi de chemical specificity that allows changes to be mapped and examined more effectively than polymer based OSCs. Naphthalene diimide (NDI) provides a versatile framework with which to build upon and explore the effects of c hemical functionalization. Recent work [1] on a small molecule framework f rom the same chemical family has shown that substitution of oxygen for sul phur\, known as thionation\, leads to an increase in crystallinity and an electron mobility. A thionated series of NDI OSCs has been synthesized to examine the effects of increased degrees of thionation on optical\, electr onic and morphological properties. Investigation via the complimentary syn chrotron based techniques of near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NE XAFS) spectroscopy and grazing incidence wide angle xray scattering (GIWAX S) combine with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and top gate bottom contact (TGBC) transistors to help illuminate the resulting changes of the top int erface with increasing degrees of thionation.\n\n[1] Tilley\, A. J.\, Guo\ , C.\, Miltenburg\, M. B.\, Schon\, T. B.\, Yan\, H.\, Li\, Y. and Seferos \, D. S. (2015)\, Thionation Enhances the Electron Mobility of Perylene Di imide for High Performance n-Channel Organic Field Effect Transistors. Adv . Funct. Mater.\, 25: 3321–3329. doi:10.1002/adfm.201500837\n\nhttps://e vents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/873/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/873/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Do we need late toxicity data before the first human clinical tria l? DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T064500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T070000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-871@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Senthi Sashendra (The Alfred Hospital)\nhttps://even ts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/871/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/871/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Mirror\, mirror in the vacuum tank\; an MX2 optics upgrade DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-870@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Daniel Eriksson (Australian Synchrotron)\nThe micro- crystallography beamline\, MX2\, depends on three mirror elements for cond itioning and focussing the beam at the sample position. One of these\, the Microfocussing Horizontally Focussing Mirror (MHFM) is showing signs of b eam damage. A likely source of this damage is the high-voltage piezo bende r bimorph system used to shape the mirror. \n\nThis manifests as significa nt structure in the beam\, as well as greatly reduced transmitted flux fro m one of the three substrates that coat the mirror surface (Pt\, the other two are Si\, and Rh). All three substrates\, however\, are showing signs of staining and distortion.\n\nFurther damage to the Rh-stripe\, or a fail ure of the bimorph\, would render the beamline inoperable as a microfocus instrument. \n\nThe planned upgrade will greatly mitigate this risk\, simp lify beam conditioning and setup\, and bring beam steering closer to the s ample postion. Additionally\, these changes will allow for a smaller and h otter beam.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/ 870/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/870/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:First experiments with D-DIA apparatus on XAS DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-869@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jeremy Wykes (Macquarie University)\nThe Macquarie U niversity-Australian Synchrotron D-DIA apparatus is a large-volume solid-m edia apparatus for high pressure\, high temperature in-situ x-ray experime nts. The apparatus can subject a sample volume of up to 5 mm^3 to pressure s to 6 GPa and temperatures to 1500 °C. \n\nDuring 2016/2 initial experim ents were conducted on the XAS beamline. Uranium and Thorium L3-edge trans mission XANES spectra were successfully collected from silicate liquid at ~2 GPa\, 1350 °C. Further tests with the sample assembly under ambient co nditions indicate the lowest energy edge accessible in the apparatus with the present sample assembly is Ge K (11.1 keV).\n\nXAS was run in mirrorle ss mode at 38 keV for a proof-of-concept falling-sphere viscometry experim ent. Soda-lime glass was rapidly melted by heating from ~800 °C to ~1400 °C at ~2 GPa\, and a falling platinum sphere was imaged with a CCD via Y AG-mirror-lens setup.\n\nProspects for future applications of the D-DIA ap paratus at the Australian Synchrotron will be discussed.\n\nhttps://events 01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/869/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/869/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Microstructure Evolution of Saturated Fine-Grained Soil Consolidat ion Based on Data-Constrained Modelling DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-868@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jing Song (Sun Yat-sen University\; CSIRO Manufactur e)\, Yuqi Ren (CSIRO)\nThe Saturated Fine-Grained (SFG) soil\, as one type of important materials of dredger mud\, is related closely to bearing cap acity of foundation in consolidation progress of reclamation engineering. It is necessary to research the quantitative mechanism between micro and m acro mechanics by microstructure evolution of SFG soil consolidation. Howe ver\, it is difficult to obtain the 3D microstructure characterisation in Micro-Nano scales by image segmentation approach. The Data-Constrained Mod elling (DCM) method incorporates Multispectral Energy in Synchrotron Radia tion of X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (ME-SR-μCT) was applied to the 3D distribution of SFG soil in Micro-Nano scales. Based on DCM technology\, quantitative parameters were obtained. With the increasing of loading pres sures\, 3D data was shown as follows. The correlation indexes between 3 gr oups changed. Especially the pores which were saturated with water migrate d with organics significantly. The quantity and volume percentage of clust ers of pores and minerals were varied with mechanics in 3 phases including obvious consolidation\, aggregation yield consolidation and particle yiel d consolidation. Combined with e-p curves of macroscopic mechanical charac teristics\, it was found that particle yield as 400 kPa of SFG soil was sm aller than conventional particle yield 800kPa in soft soil. It consolidate d the importance of creep mechanics in the process of bearing capacity inc reasing. And an effective 3D structures characteristics method was illustr ated\, which included 3 groups of SFG. It revealed that the distributions and evolutions of porosity and the minerals were in different consolidatio n phases which combined with micro and macro mechanical properties. Furthe rmore\, loading velocity could be controlled by the mechanics result combi ned with engineering theory and engineering significance.\n\nhttps://event s01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/868/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/868/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Optimising sample preparation for solids\, pellets\, liquids and s olutions for Far-IR and IR analysis at the Australian Synchrotron DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-867@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Josie Nunn (Flinders University SA)\nThis presentati on gives an overview of the development and comparison of different sample preparation techniques for presenting samples to the Far-IR and IR beam l ine at the Australian Synchrotron.\n\nWe have investigated using polyethyl ene (PE)\, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)\, polyvinylacetate (PVA)\, paraf fin\, and mixtures\, as matrixes for pellets.\nWe have also trialled press ing pure compounds without an added matrix. Most recently we have investig ated using specially constructed liquid cells for liquid samples and those compounds that can be in solution.\n\nNot surprisingly\, there is not one 'solution' to all sample preparations and there are compromises to be mad e. Samples that do not bind into stable pellets as pure compounds need a matrix to support them and compounds that are strong absorbers may need ma trix to dilute them.\n\nFor solutions the choice of solvent is also critic al (especially for compounds that are poorly soluble in convenient solvent s) as there needs to be enough material to give a signal without being swa mped by the signal form the solvent. \n\nPresenting results from those sam ples that produced good spectra from a range of applications - riboflavin (fluorescence of semen)\, ninhydrin (from fingerprint developing reagents) and bilirubin and biliverdin (from studying breakdown of blood and ageing of bruises) and those that didn't - this presentation draws conclusions a bout the process of optimising the preparation of varied samples to obtain the best results from your time at the Australian Synchrotron.\n\nhttps:/ /events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/867/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/867/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Differential response of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma cell lin es to microbeam versus conventional radiotherapy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-865@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Lloyd Smyth (University of Melbourne\, Epworth Healt hCare)\nBackground: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a devastati ng paediatric brainstem tumour with extremely poor prognosis and limited t reatment options. Radiotherapy is the mainstay treatment but is limited to palliative use. Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT) is a promising pre-clinical synchrotron radiotherapy modality which could improve the therapeutic rati o between normal tissue toxicity and tumour control through radiobiologica l mechanisms that are a radical departure from those of conventional radio therapy (CRT).\n\nObjectives: The aim of this study was to compare the cel lular response of two human DIPG cell lines to MRT and conventional broad- beam radiotherapy and compute dose equivalence between the two modalities. We hypothesised that MRT would elicit a different cellular response to CR T\, and that different DIPG cell lines would have different intrinsic radi o-sensitivities.\n\nMethods: Two human DIPG cell lines\, SF7761 and JHH-1\ , were exposed to MRT (112 to 560 Gy) or CRT (2 to 8 Gy) in vitro to produ ce clonogenic cell-survival curves. Equivalent CRT doses were interpolated for each MRT dose. Apoptosis induction and cell-cycle response assays wer e performed five days after irradiation via flow cytometry to assess diffe rences in cellular response between the cell lines and radiotherapy modali ties at equivalent doses. \n\nResults: The SF7761 cell line\, which origi nated from a patient with no prior history of radiation treatment\, was si gnificantly more radiosensitive to both CRT and MRT compared to the JHH-1 cell line\, which originated from a six year old male who had previously u ndergone combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (Figure 1). JHH-1 formed p olyploid cells and exhibited delayed G2/M arrest following both CRT and MR T. Furthermore\, apoptosis and cell cycle assays demonstrated that at equi valent doses\, MRT induced more unrepaired DNA damage that was detrimental to the cell-cycle and cell viability for both cell lines five days follow ing irradiation.\n\nConclusion: This is the first study to compare the res ponse of DIPG cell lines to MRT and CRT. Although MRT caused more DNA dama ge that was detrimental to the cell cycle compared to CRT\, the JHH-1 cell demonstrated radio-resistance regardless of the radiation modality used. The findings of this study support the use of MRT as a potential alternati ve to CRT for patients with radiosensitive tumours and also contribute to our understanding of the differential response of cancer cells to MRT and CRT.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/865/ LOCATION:NCSS Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/865/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Optimizing Microbeam Radiation Therapy with High-Z Nano-structured Ceramic Particles DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-864@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Michael Lerch (University of Wollongong)\nMicrobeam radiation therapy (MRT) implements spatially-fractionated kilovoltage x-ra ys for deep-seated tumour treatment [1\,2] to provide better normal tissue sparing [3]. However\, tumour treatment with MRT can be further optimize d with high-Z nanoparticles (NPs)\, which have been shown to enhance the d ose delivered by conventional radiotherapies [4]. Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O 5) NPs are novel nano-structured ceramic particles that are non-toxic [4] and show optimal x-ray absorption in kilovoltage energies [5\,6]. This res earch assesses the ability of ceramic NPs\, including Ta2O5 NPs\, to selec tively raise the tumour valley dose in MRT. This multi-modal approach is n amed: Synchrotron Microbeam Activated Radiation Therapy (SMART).\n\nGeant4 [7\,8] simulations investigated the physical dose enhancement of Ta2O5 NP s to a population of cells due to monoenergetic broad-beams and microbeams (50-200 keV).\n\nSimulation results were correlated to in-vitro experimen ts obtained in hutch 1B and 2B at the Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL)\ , Australian Synchrotron\, using tumorous 9L gliosarcoma and normal Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells. NPs were added to cells in T12.5cm2 flasks 24hr s before 90-100% confluence. Cells were irradiated using a 1.4T or 3T wigg ler field to produce 50µm/400µm or 50µm/200µm microbeams with weighted average energies of 42 keV and 95 keV respectively. Cell survival followi ng treatment was evaluated with clonogenic assays after 15 doubling times. \n\nTa2O5 NPs improved the MRT and broad-beam selectivity towards tumour c ells\, due to the NPs clustering about the nucleus of 9L tumour cells. Oth er ceramic NPs such as bismuth oxide\, with more homogeneous NP distributi ons\, also saw improvement to the MRT treatment efficiency. \n\nSimulation s confirmed that NP clusters produced the most selective dose enhancement to MRT. Modelling micro- and broad-beams showed that NP dose enhancement i s energy dependent. For Ta2O5 NPs\, 40 keV x-rays are optimum for dose enh ancement in broad-beam cases\, and microbeam energies greater than 100 keV produce better NP dose enhancement with more secondary electrons that rai se the valley dose (>100 µm from the microbeam). \n \n\nReferences:\n\n1. Slatkin DN\, et al. (1992).\n2. Crosbie JC\, et al. (2010).\n3. Laissue J A\, et al. (2007).\n4. Brown R\, et al. (2014).\n5. Hubbell JH\, (1982).\n 6. Seltzer SM\, (1993). \n7. Agostinelli S\, et al. (2003). \n8. Allison J \, et al. (2006).\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contribu tions/864/ LOCATION:NCSS Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/864/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Temperature Dependent Refractive Indices of Formic Acid Aerosols DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-861@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Mahmut Ruzi (Latrobe University)\nFormic acid (HCOOH ) is the most abundant trace gas organic acid in the atmosphere\, resultin g from oxidation or photochemical processing of alkanes from biogenic and anthropogenic sources.[1] Formic acid dissolves well in water and thus con tributes significantly to rain acidity in remote regions. Due to its good solubility it is believed that formic acid contributes to cloud condensati on.[2] It is also considered to be a source of OH radical which is one of the most active oxidising agent in the atmosphere. Temperature dependent r efractive indices of formic acid are needed for composition analysis of ae rosols and interstellar ices.[3] \n \nIn this work\, we present mid-infrar ed (IR) spectra of formic acid aerosols recorded at atmospherically releva nt temperatures of 80 – 210 K\, and demonstrate an efficient method to e xtract refractive indices from measured spectra. The spectra indicate tha t the spectral bands below 1800 cm-1\, especially around the C=O stretch r egion\, show strong temperature dependence. The C=O stretch band profile show interesting temperature and particle size dependence. Initial analysi s indicate that the band profile may be used to characterise the phase (cr ystalline vs amorphous) and particle size. We will discuss possible mecha nisms that produce the C=O stretch band profile. \n\nWe also present the refractive indices retrieved from IR spectra using classical damped harmon ic oscillator (CDHO) model. In this model\, we input the CDHO band and par ticle size distribution parameters to simulate the Mie scattering spectra of spherical particles\, and optimise the parameters to minimise the diffe rence between the simulated and measured spectra. We evaluate the accurac y of the method with respect to particle size and CDHO band parameters\, a nd the errors associated with assuming the spherical shape of the formic a cid aerosol particles. At the end\, we compare the IR spectra of formic a cid thin films to our aerosol spectra and demonstrate the advantages of us ing aerosols to extract refractive indices from IR spectra.\n\nReferences: \n\n[1]. Khare\, P.\; Kumar\, N.\; Kumari\, K. M.\; Srivastava\, S. S. A tmospheric formic and acetic acids: An overview\, Rev. Geophys. 1999\, 37\ , 227-248 \n\n[2]. Yu\, S. C. Role of organic acids (formic\, acetic\, p yruvic and oxalic) in the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): a review\, Atmos. Res. 2000\, 53\, 185-217. \n\n[3]. Takahama\, S.\; Johns on\, A.\; Russell\, L. M. Quantification of Carboxylic and Carbonyl Functi onal Groups in Organic Aerosol Infrared Absorbance Spectra\, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 2013\, 47\, 310-325.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39 /contributions/861/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/861/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:XAS and XFM investigations of arsenic uptake in hydrothermal apati te DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-859@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Weihua Liu (CSIRO)\nElement substitution that occurs during fluid-rock interaction permits assessment of fluid composition and interaction conditions in ancient geological systems\, and provides a way to fix contaminants from aqueous solutions. We conducted a series of hydr othermal mineral replacement experiments to determine whether a relationsh ip can be established between arsenic (As) distribution in apatite and flu id chemistry. Calcite crystals were reacted with phosphate solutions spike d with As(V)\, As(III)\, and mixed As(III)/As(V) species at 250 ˚C and wa ter-saturated pressure. Arsenic-bearing apatite rims formed in several hou rs\, and within 48 hours the calcite grains were fully replaced. X-ray Abs orption Near-edge Spectroscopy (XANES) data show that As retained the triv alent oxidation state in the fully-reacted apatite grown from solutions co ntaining only As(III). Extended X-ray Fine Spectroscopy (EXAFS) data revea l that these As(III) ions are surrounded by about three oxygen atoms at an As-O bond length close to that of an arsenate group (AsO43-)\, indicating that they occupy tetrahedral phosphate sites. The three-coordinated As(II I)-O3 structure\, with three oxygen atoms and one lone electron pair aroun d As(III)\, was confirmed by geometry optimization using ab initio molecul ar simulations.\nThe micro-XANES imaging data show that apatite formed fro m solutions spiked with mixed As(III) and As(V) retained only As(V) after completion of the replacement reaction\; in contrast\, partially reacted s amples revealed a complex distribution of As(V)/As(III) ratios\, with As(V ) concentrated in the center of the grain and As(III) towards the rim. Mos t natural apatites from the Ernest Henry Iron Oxide Copper Gold deposit\, Australia\, show predominantly As(V)\, but two grains retained some As(III ) in their core. The As-anomalous amphibolite-facies gneiss from Binntal\, Switzerland\, only revealed As(V)\, despite the fact that these apatites in both cases formed under conditions where As(III) is expected to be the dominant As form in hydrothermal fluids.\nOur study shows for the first ti me that As(III) can be incorporated into the apatite structure\, although not as efficiently as As(V). Uptake of As(III) is probably highly dependen t on the reaction mechanism. These results show that incorporation of As i n apatite is a complicated process\, and sensitive to the local fluid comp osition and kinetic effects during crystallization.\n\nhttps://events01.sy nchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/859/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/859/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:A pre-clinical sample positioning system for microbeam radiotherap y at the Australian Synchrotron DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-858@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Micah Barnes (RMIT)\nMicrobeam radiation therapy (MR T)\, using X-rays from a synchrotron\, is a novel\, preclinical form of ra diotherapy that shows promise of providing a major advance in cancer contr ol if successfully translated to clinical practice (Brauer-Krisch et al\, 2010\; Crosbie et al\, 2010). Clinical translation of MRT requires develop ing a protocol for a patient positioning system (PPS). Following recent de velopments in image-guided synchrotron MRT (Pelliccia et al\, 2016a and 20 16b)\, we present the implementation of a pre-clinical protocol at the Ima ging and Medical Beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. \n\nThe synchrotr on PPS will be composed of three key elements: 1) Treatment planning 2) Sy nchrotron imaging 3) Image registration and patient alignment. The treatme nt plan\, available before the synchrotron session\, is imported into the synchrotron control system. Imaging of the patient is done at the beam lin e\, using either the synchrotron beam or a conventional x-ray tube unit. T he images are registered with the existing treatment plan and the patient is aligned according to the registration. Verification is performed after alignment and before the treatment is initiated. \n \nWe have developed a functional positioning system protocol using a small animal phantom\, nam ely a plastinated mouse. A CT of the phantom is taken using a medical CT m achine and then imaged again at the beam line. The image is registered wit h a Digitally Reconstructed Radiography (DRR) from the CT and the registra tion prompts a sample alignment and image verification. The registration p rocess allows for anatomical landmarks or fiducial markers to be used for alignment.\n\nThis preclinical sample positioning system protocol for sync hrotron microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) has been realised at the Australian S ynchrotron with scalability included to allow for patient positioning chai rs and couches with many more degrees of freedom. The protocol marks a fur ther step towards the clinical translation of synchrotron MRT.\n\n-------- --\n\n**References:**\n\nBrauer-Krisch E et al (2010) Effects of pulsed\, spatially fractionated\, microscopic synchrotron X-ray beams on normal and tumoral brain tissue. Mutat Res 704:160-166.\n\nCrosbie\, J C et al (201 0) Tumor cell response to synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy differs markedly from cells in normal tissues. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:886 -894.\n\nPelliccia D et al (2016a) Image guidance protocol for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy. J Synchrotron Rad 23:566-573.\n\nPelliccia D et al (2016b) Phase contrast image guidance for synchrotron microbeam rad iotherapy. Phys Med Biol accepted.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/ event/39/contributions/858/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/858/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Biomimetic nanostructured lipidic materials for encapsulation of t herapeutic proteins DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-856@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Charlotte Conn (RMIT)\nProteins and peptides represe nt the fastest growing class of pharmaceuticals with application as drugs\ , vaccines and diagnostics. However\, they present significant challenges for drug delivery due to their complexity and fragile nature. Hybrid pro tein-lipid materials are highly prospective bionanomaterials for the long- term storage and controlled release of therapeutic proteins and peptides. The lipid nanostructure offers the potential for targeted and controlled release of the bioactive molecule\, while retaining the protein in a funct ionally active form. In order to advance the use of such materials we mus t understand the relationship between the nanostructure of the lipidic mat erial\, the encapsulated protein and their end use in drug delivery. \nTh e research presented aims to elucidate the fundamental physicochemical int eractions between encapsulated proteins and peptides and lipidic materials suitable for drug delivery. In order to screen the large compositional s pace associated with the design of such materials\, the project makes use of high-throughput methodologies\, and employs large national and internat ional facilities such as the Australian Synchrotron\, the Bragg Institute and ASTRID 2 synchrotron\, Denmark. The impact of encapsulated protein on the lipid nanostructure has been determined for a wide range of proteins a nd peptides. In addition the effect of the lipid nanostructure on the conf ormation and activity of the proteins has been determined directly within the lipidic material. Small-angle neutron scattering data on contrast matc hed lipidic materials has allowed the determination of protein location wi thin the material for the first time. Results presented will guide the dev elopment of novel lipidic materials for the encapsulation and controlled r elease of protein and peptide based therapeutics.\n\nhttps://events01.sync hrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/856/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/856/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Probing Long- and Short-Range Disorder in Y2Ti2-xHfxO7 by Diffract ion and Spectroscopy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-855@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Zhaoming Zhang (ANSTO)\nWe have studied the long-ran ge average and short-range local structures in Y2Ti2-xHfxO7 (x = 0-2.0) us ing diffraction and spectroscopy techniques respectively. Both neutron an d synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data show a clear phase transition of the average structure from ordered pyrochlore to disordered defect-fluo rite at x ~ 1.6\; the long-range anion disorder appears to develop gradual ly throughout the entire pyrochlore region in contrast to the rapid loss o f cation ordering from x = 1.4 to 1.6. The commonly observed two-phase re gion around the pyrochlore / defect-fluorite phase boundary is absent in t his system demonstrating high sample quality. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) results at the Y L2-\, Ti K- and L3\,2-\, Hf L3- and O K -edges indicate a gradual local structural evolution across the whole comp ositional range\; the Y coordination number (CN) decreases and the CN arou nd Ti and Hf increases with increasing Hf content (x). The spectroscopic results suggest that the local disorder occurs long before the pyrochlore to defect-fluorite phase boundary as determined by diffraction\, and this disorder evolves continuously from short- to medium- and eventually to lon g-range detectable by diffraction. This study highlights the complex diso rdering process in pyrochlore oxides\, and the importance of a multi-techn ique approach to tackle disorder over different length scales and in the a nion and cation sublattices respectively. The results are important in th e context of potential applications of these oxides such as ionic conducto rs and radiation-resistant nuclear waste forms.\n\nhttps://events01.synchr otron.org.au/event/39/contributions/855/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/855/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Chemical Crystallography at the Australian Synchrotron MX Beamline s DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-853@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jason Price (Australian Synchrotron)\nThe macromolec ular (MX) beamlines at the Australian synchrotron are mixed use between th e structural biology and chemical crystallography (CX) communities. Since commissioning the high throughput MX1 bending magnet and the MX2 microfocu s undulator beamlines have proven very successful for both communities. \n \nWith the transfer of the Australian Synchrotron under ANSTO as recogniti on as its importance as landmark infrastructure for Australia and the fede ral government has committed to the future funding of the synchrotron for an addition 10 years. MX2 is in the process of completing the purchase\, d elivery and implementation of a state of the art Eiger detector (Structura l Biology laboratories and Australian Cancer Research Foundation) and is w ell situated to continue to benefit both communities. \n\nIt is fair to sa y that transitioning MX2 to the new generation of single photon counting d etectors is going to be a game changer with data collection speeds increas ed at least ten fold. As such\, the ability to handle an increase in sampl e numbers sample tracking through to automated methods of data analysis ar e currently under development. \n\nWhat is the future for chemical crystal lography at the MX beamlines? A review of the current developments that ar e underway and some discussion of what may lie in the future will be prese nted.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/853/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/853/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Photo-Switchable Block Copolymer Self Assembly DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-849@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Lewis Chambers (University of Queensland)\nBlock cop olymers can self-assemble into well-defined\, nanoscale morphologies\, whi ch are typically isotropic and lack long range order. Chemical or physical templates generated through optical lithography can direct self assembly to create morphologies with enhanced long range order and fashion them int o hierarchical patterns. This ability allows the patterns formed to be opt imized to be more suitable for a desired application. Alternatively\, the incorporation of stimuli-responsiveness into these materials has the poten tial to exert similar control over long range order and pattern complexity \, while also creating dynamic nanostructures with expanded functionality. Here\, photo-responsive block copolymers are synthesized and their abilit y to undergo a change in morphology triggered by light exposure is investi gated. This will allow direct spatial control to be exerted over self-asse mbled nanostructures produced in thin block copolymer films. \n\nPhoto-res ponsive block copolymers were synthesized through successive RAFT polymeri sations and post-polymerisation modification reactions to yield poly(benzy l methacrylate)-b-poly(o-nitrobenzyl methacrylate). When the o-nitrobenzyl group is exposed to UV light\, it degrades to reveal a carboxylic acid fu nctional group\, allowing the polymer to be switched from a structure with two aromatic blocks and low segregation strength to an aromatic and polar acid block with a large segregation strength and induce self-assembly as a result. \n\nSamples of this material were exposed to UV radiation for va rying amounts of time to achieve different degrees of o-nitrobenzyl group deprotection and different levels of segregation strength as a result. GIS AXS was used to characterize the evolution of morphology during this proce ss\, taking advantage of the high sample throughput achievable through the use of a synchrotron X-ray source to characterize a large number of sampl es and optimize annealing conditions for the controlled evolution of nanos cale architectures in these materials. \n\n1Australian Institute of Bioeng ineering and Nanotechnology\, The University of Queensland\, St Lucia\, Qu eensland Australia\n2Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis\, The Univers ity of Queensland\, St Lucia\, Queensland\, Australia\n3Centre for Advance d Imaging\, The University of Queensland\, St Lucia\, Queensland\, Austral ia\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/849/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/849/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Discussion Panel DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-848@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/848 / LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/848/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Status of MRT research – What we have done and what is still to do DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T053000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T054500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-847@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Peter Rogers (University of melbourne)\nhttps://even ts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/847/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/847/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Experience with radiotherapy treatment on dogs DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T060000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T061500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-845@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Stewart Ryan (University of Melbourne)\nhttps://even ts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/845/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/845/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The case for large animal data DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T054500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T060000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-844@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jean-François Adam (Université Grenoble-Alpes & \; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes)\nhttps://events01.sync hrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/844/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/844/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:What would canine MRT data bring on our way to human MRT trials? DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T063000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T064500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-843@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Wheeler Greg (Peter Mac)\nhttps://events01.synchrotr on.org.au/event/39/contributions/843/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/843/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Dog cancers - Why the interest for an MRT programme DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T061500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T063000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-842@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Labuc Rob (Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre)\n https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/842/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/842/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The role of protein dynamics in the evolution of new enzyme functi on DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-840@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Colin Jackson (Australian National University)\nEnzy mes must be ordered to allow the stabilization of transition states by the ir active sites\, yet dynamic enough to adopt alternative conformations su ited to other steps in their catalytic cycles. The biophysical principles that determine how specific protein dynamics evolve and how remote mutatio ns affect catalytic activity are poorly understood. Here we examine a 'mol ecular fossil record' that was recently obtained during the laboratory evo lution of a phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta to an arylesteras e. Analysis of the structures and dynamics of nine protein variants along this trajectory\, and three rationally designed variants\, reveals cycles of structural destabilization and repair\, evolutionary pressure to 'freez e out' unproductive motions and sampling of distinct conformations with sp ecific catalytic properties in bi-functional intermediates. This work esta blishes that changes to the conformational landscapes of proteins are an e ssential aspect of molecular evolution and that change in function can be achieved through enrichment of preexisting conformational sub-states.\n\nh ttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/840/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/840/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural and Functional Insight into the Epigenetic Regulator SM CHD1 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-838@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Kelan Chen (Walter and Eliza Hall Institute)\nStruct ural Maintenance of Chromosomes flexible Hinge Domain-containing 1 (SMCHD1 ) is a non-canonical SMC protein that plays critical roles in epigenetic r egulation. Recently\, heterozygous loss of function mutations in *SMCHD1* were identified in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) patients\ , leading to failure of epigenetic silencing of the disease-causing gene * DUX4* in muscle cells. While the importance of SMCHD1 is well-described\, there is limited understanding about how SMCHD1 protein mediates epigeneti c control at the molecular level. \n\nWe performed small-angle X-ray sc attering (SAXS) studies of the two recognisable domains of SMCHD1\, namely the SMC hinge domain that is responsible for nucleic acid binding and the putative GHKL ATPase domain. We demonstrated that the hinge domain of SMC HD1 assembles into an unconventional dimeric arrangement flanked by interm olecular coiled-coil. Furthermore\, we showed the N-terminal region of SMC HD1 that encapsulates the ATPase domain grossly resembles the crystal stru cture of full-length Hsp90 protein. Importantly\, we found the ATPase doma in of SMCHD1 is catalytically active. Therefore\, similar to Hsp90’s ATP -binding dependent conformational changes\, we envisage that SMCHD1 dimer may undergo energy-dependent conformational changes to engage with chromat in. Additionally\, ongoing characterisation of recombinant proteins incorp orating patient-derived *SMCHD1* mutations have provided potential explana tions for the underlying pathogenesis. Finally\, our study has formed the basis of exploring activation of SMCHD1 as a potential therapeutic treatme nt for FSHD.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions /838/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/838/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Progress report on the European MRT program: What can the Australi an MRT community learn from the European experience? DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-836@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jayde Livingstone (Australian Synchrotron)\nThere ar e currently two biomedical synchrotron beamlines in the world with an MRT program and an active MRT user base: ID17 at the European Synchrotron Radi ation Facility (ESRF)\, France\, and the Australian Synchrotron’s Imagin g and Medical Beamline (IMBL). The European program has been ongoing since the 1990s and has identified radioresistant brain tumours as a clinical t arget for MRT. Indeed\, much of the radiobiological data available in the literature relates to MRT irradiation of healthy and tumour inoculated bra ins of mice and rats. The Australian program has a different focus\, inste ad proposing to target naturally occurring osteosarcomas in domestic dogs. Despite the different directions of the two programs\, both communities s hare a common goal: to begin human clinical trials within 5 years. The pas t 5 years have seen many critical developments in this direction: the emer gence of protocols and techniques for accurate dosimetry in broadbeams and microbeams\, treatment planning systems dedicated to keV photons\, and be amline specific image guidance protocols. In a “make or break” attempt to prove the safety of MRT for human patients\, the European MRT collabor ation have proposed a long term study on both healthy and brain tumour bea ring pigs\, where MRT is delivered as a dose “boost” to conventional s tereotactic radiotherapy. The first steps of this project – end-to-end q uality assurance (dosimetry and treatment plan verification) on a phantom and a dry-run on a pig carcass – were recently performed. The results fr om these experiments will be presented\, as well as a discussion of what t he Australian MRT community can learn from this.\n\nhttps://events01.synch rotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/836/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/836/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Engineering "Disorder" : From Designing New Catalysts to Reactivit y in Natural Systems DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161123T233000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-835@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Rosalie Hocking (James Cook University)\nOne of the greatest challenges of the 21st century will be securing cheap and renewab le sources of energy. One of the most promising approaches to this challe nge is to design catalysts from earth abundant materials capable of implem enting key chemical reactions including the splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen (H2O → H2 + ½O2)\; the oxidation of hydrogen (H2→ 2H+) and reduction (2H+→ H2) of protons as well as the reduction of molecules li ke CO2 and N2.\n\nSome of the most promising catalyst materials for these reactions are metal oxides and metal sulfides which commonly exist in natu re. Despite the ubiquity of these materials their structures and the rela tionship to reactivity is often poorly understood. This may be because ma terials that are most reactive are often “disordered” or nano-crystall ine. In our work we have been able to engineer series of metal oxides tha t systematically differ in their degrees of disorder. By careful correlat ions between XAS\, TEM and reactivity we can begin to understand the effec ts of crystalline “order” on “reactivity”. Our results point to im portant correlations between “sacrificial” and “catalytic chemistry ” that have implications to both catalyst design and clues to a possible role these materials may have played in the evolution of metallo-protein type catalysis.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributi ons/835/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/835/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Treatment planning for synchrotron microbeam radiotherapy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-834@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Liam Day (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology)\n **Introduction**\n\nSynchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a nov el radiotherapy modality with significant clinical potential. We have prod uced a simple dose calculation algorithm for MRT using the Eclipse Treatme nt Planning System (TPS)\, by Varian Medical Systems.\n\n**Method**\n\nThe calculation engine in Eclipse was configured to directly evaluate ‘peak ’ doses. Monte Carlo-simulated Peak-to-Valley Dose Ratios were used to o btain the ‘valley’ dose displayed in Eclipse. We compared dose profile s generated by Eclipse with Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations and measurement s from the Imaging & Medical Beamline at The Australian Synchrotron. We al so performed a plan comparison study using anonymised patient datasets\, c omparing kilovoltage MRT plans with clinical megavoltage treatment plans.\ n\n**Results**\n\nThe Eclipse TPS performed well in calculating ‘peak’ doses in a water phantom. Considering the simplicity of the algorithm\, t he ‘valley’ dose and field profiles were also produced with reasonable accuracy\, albeit with some underestimation of the valley dose for larger field sizes.\n\nCompared to the clinical megavoltage treatment plans\, MR T plans demonstrated adequate target coverage whilst meeting normal tissue dose constraints when target volumes were small and relatively superficia l. As expected\, planning goals for deep seated tumours and target regions distal to bone could not be met using MRT.\n\n**Conclusion**\n\nThere are real advantages to using the familiar environment of Eclipse with a new r adiotherapy paradigm such as MRT. Although\, there are limitations to our MRT calculation engine in Eclipse and further work is required\, the data generated in this work are overall encouraging and indicate that the poten tial for this calculation engine to be implemented in the future as part o f a Phase 1 clinical trial.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/3 9/contributions/834/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/834/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Development of Efficient Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Solar En ergy Capture DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-833@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Geoff Waterhouse (The University of Auckland)\nGloba l energy concerns motivate the development of new and improved technologie s for solar energy capture\, with semiconductor photocatalysis expected to make an important contribution towards satisfying the energy needs of fut ure societies. This talk will overview some of our recent research aimed a t photocatalyst development for H2 production in alcohol-water mixtures\, focussing primarily on transition metal oxide (TiO2)\, oxynitride (LaTiO2N \, TaON) and nitride (Ta3N5) systems. The potential of 2D nanosheet photoc atalysts made from earth-abundant elements\, especially layered double hyd roxides (M2+M3+-LDH\, where M2+ = Ca2+\, Mg2+\, Mn2+\, Fe2+\, Co2+\, Ni2+ or Zn2+ and M3+ = Al3+\, Ga3+ or Fe3+) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N 4)\, for future solar energy harvesting and fuel production will also be e xplored. Strong emphasis here will be placed on the importance high resolu tion transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)\, synchrotron-based X-ray sp ectroscopies (XPS\, NEXAFS\, EXAFS) and supporting DFT calculations to the understanding of photocatalyst function and ultimately performance optimi zation via exploitation of structure-activity relationships.\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/833/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/833/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The Australian Synchrotron and Advanced Materials: Challenge/Oppor tunity/Solutions DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T001500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-832@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Robert Acres (Australian Synchrotron)\nOne of Austra lia’s world class research facilities\, the Australian Synchrotron\, pro vides cutting edge tools to academic and industry researchers\, empowering them to problem solve and innovate in a wide range of sectors. \nAs well as servicing the traditional academic user base\, the Australian Synchrotr on has an Industry Engagement team focused on supporting commercial custom ers to utilise the synchrotron’s capabilities. However\, going beyond th e academic user base presents some challenges as well as opportunities.\nT his presentation will:\n Discuss how to raise awareness and understa nding of technical capabilities to potential commercial clients\n Sh are ways to inspire businesses to explore applications and capitalise on t he opportunities arising from our world class infrastructure\n Showc ase existing case studies\, demonstrating successful connections between s cience and industry \nExamples of case studies from the Australian Synchro tron will be presented that highlight the capabilities and advantages of t he facility to commercial and academic users. Lessons learned will be shar ed as well as a practical approach to achieving “buy in” from key deci sion makers to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome.\n\nhttps://events01. synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/832/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/832/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:FACTORY OF THE FUTURE: COMPOSITE AUTOMATION AND GRAPHENE CERTIFICA TION FACILITY DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-831@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Bronwyn Fox (Swinburne University of Technology)\nSw inburne’s Factory of the Future is located in the recently opened $100 m illion Advanced Manufacturing and Design Centre at the university’s main campus in Melbourne\, Australia. The Factory of the Future is one of thre e pillars of Swinburne’s newly launched Innovation Precinct which emphas ises design and digital technologies to tackle manufacturing challenges\, and pilot production and fabrication processes developed in collaboration with industryThis facility is an intentionally designed platform to demons trate to Australian manufacturers the principles and benefits of Industry 4.0 concepts and will exploit Swinburne’s emerging strengths in composit e materials and existing strengths in design\, visualisation\, robotics\, automation and big data. \n\nThis presentation will describe the current capabilities of the Factory of the Future and will highlight the future di rections for the development of the first Graphene Certification Facility to connect Australian industry into global advanced manufacturing supply c hains that use graphene.\nThere are currently several hundred companies pr oducing or using graphene in their products. Industrial consumers of grap hene require material produced at scale that is of replicable quality that meets their specific application needs. There is an urgent need for colla boration across the supply chain to develop standard certification process es that are end user centric\, ensuring advanced materials containing grap hene are sufficiently well characterized to enable proven supply chain man agement processes to be followed. The facility will conduct the foundatio n research required to identify the analytical tools that can be routinely applied to certify graphene products\, enabling companies to validate the ir supply chains. \n\nThe facility will utilise significant infrastructur e and expertise at the Australian Synchrotron with special focus on SAXS/W AXS and XFM techniques. These techniques are critical for informing differ ent stages of graphene manufacturing such as isolation of graphene from th e starting material\, to intermediates\, and the final product. X-rays can quantitatively inform the success\nof exfoliation or intercalation of gra phene and is particularly useful to demonstrate functionalization. The Swi nburne/Synchrotron partnership will play a key role in building unique ins ight into the translation of research-based characterisation into the manu facturing sector\, which in turn will be able to impact the wider advanced materials industry.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contr ibutions/831/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/831/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:UNRAVELLING THE STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL AUTOTRANSPORTER VIRULENCE FACTORS DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T031500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-830@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jason Paxman (La Trobe University)\nAutotransporter proteins are the largest group of outer membrane and secreted virulence fa ctors from important bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica\, Shi gella flexneri\, Neisseria meningitidis and pathogenic E. coli strains. T hey are important contributors to bacterial pathogenesis\, functioning as toxins\, adhesins and facilitators of biofilm formation. Their importance to human health has generated great interest. However\, we are still str uggling to understand their mechanisms of action. There are currently onl y 12 structures of autotransporters in the protein data bank. \n\nOur res earch centres on the AIDA-I-type autotransporters which are the largest fa mily of autotransporters. We were the first to determine the structure an d mechanism of action for one of these family members Antigen 43a from uro pathogenic E. coli (UPEC)1. Our work showed how Antigen 43 causes aggrega tion and biofilm formation\, which are important for UPEC colonisation and persistence within the urinary tract. Since this time we have been using the MX beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron to determine the crystal s tructures of two new autotransporters. Our findings have revealed a surpr ising structural diversity amongst the autotransporters\, which has allowe d us to elucidate their distinct mechanisms of action and roles in bacteri al pathogenesis. Interestingly\, the structures have also revealed how ba cteria use post-translational modifications to change the virulence functi ons of their proteins.\n\nThis research is also helping us to understand h ow we can target these autotransporters for therapeutic intervention. To this end we are again using X-ray crystallography to help aid us in the de velopment of specific inhibitors of key autotransporters.\n\nhttps://event s01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/830/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/830/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural Insights into the Assembly and Regulation of Distinct V iral Capsid Particles DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-828@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jade Forwood (CSU)\nThe assembly and regulation of v iral capsid proteins into highly ordered macromolecular complexes is essen tial for viral replication. Recent reports have elucidated the ability of capsids to switch between T1 and T3 symmetry\, however little is known reg arding how capsid proteins can switch between smaller\, non-icosahedral ma cromolecular complexes. Here we utilize crystal structures of the capsid p rotein from the smallest and simplest of all known viruses capable of auto nomously replicating in animal cells\, circoviruses\, to establish structu ral and mechanistic insights into capsid morphogenesis and regulation. The beak and feather disease virus is responsible for infecting critically en dangered parrots\, and remarkably\, like many circoviruses\, these viruses encode only two genes\, a capsid protein\, and a replication initiation p rotein. The capsid protein forms distinct macromolecular assemblies during replication and here we elucidate these structures at high resolution\, s howing that these complexes reverse the exposure of the N-terminal arginin e rich domain responsible for DNA-binding and nuclear localization. We sho w that assembly of these complexes is regulated by single-stranded DNA (ss DNA)\, and provide a structural basis of capsid assembly around single str anded DNA\, highlighting novel binding interfaces distinct from the highly positively charged N-terminal ARM domain. These structures of the world ’s smallest viral capsid assemblies serve as an important basis for enha ncing our understanding viral capsid assembly and regulation.\n\nSubir Sar ker1\,2\, María C. Terrón3\, Yogesh Khandokar4\, David Aragão5\, Joshua M. Hardy6\, Mazdak Radjainia6\, Manuel Jiménez-Zaragoza7\, Pedro J. de P ablo7\,8\, Fasséli Coulibaly6\, Daniel Luque Buzo3\, Shane R. Raidal1\,2\ , Jade K. Forwood2\,4\n \n \n1 School of Animal and Veterinar y Sciences\, Charles Sturt University\, Boorooma Street\, Wagga Wagga\, Ne w South Wales 2678\, Australia\, \n2 Graham Centre for Agricu ltural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University)\, Boorooma Street\, Wagga Wagga\, New South Wales 2678\, Austr alia\n3 Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII\, Majadahond a\, 28220 Madrid\, Spain \n4 School of Biomedical Sciences\, Charles Sturt University\, Wagga Wagga\, New South Wales\, 2678\, Australi a \n5 Australian Synchrotron\, 800 Blackburn Road\, Clayton\, Victoria 3168\, Australia\n6 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology\, Monash University\, Wellington Road\, Clayton\, Victor ia 3800\, Australia\n7 Física de la Materia Condensada\, Uni versidad Autónoma de Madrid\, 28049 Madrid\, Spain\n8 Insituto de Fí sica de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC)\, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid\, 28049 Madrid\, Spain\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contr ibutions/828/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/828/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The shape of things to come: Resolving biological and palaeontolog ical mysteries using microCT imaging DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161123T233000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T000000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-827@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alistair Evans (Monash University)\nThe shape and st ructure of animals is fundamental to their survival\, including how they m ove and feed: bone shape determines how forces are transmitted from muscle s during running and flying\, and the microstructure of a tooth dictates w hether it will break when crushing food. Our ability to adequately capture the fine-scale 3D structure of biological materials has until recently be en very limited\, severely restricting the questions we could ask about mo dern and fossil animals. With the extensive availability of synchrotron an d laboratory X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT)\, we can now peer in side structures with astounding fidelity\, revealing not only what is insi de but also how many of these components work. MicroCT has the great advan tage of allowing internal imaging of unique and irreplaceable fossil speci mens that would otherwise need to be examined using destructive techniques . In this talk I will give examples illustrating the importance of microCT imaging to a range of biological and palaeontological questions. As X-ray imaging relies on differences in electron density among materials\, it is most effective for imaging mineralised structures\, including bone and te eth\, as well as fossils. MicroCT has been used to reconstruct the anatomy of Australian fossil dinosaurs\, mammals and reptiles\, including the Vic torian fossils of the ornithopod dinosaur *Leaellynasaura* and the Cretace ous mammal *Ausktribosphenos*. We have also learned a great deal about som e of the earliest multicellular life and the earliest vertebrates (conodon ts) from microCT imaging. Demonstration and exhibition of the tiniest foss ils is now immensely easier with high-resolution 3D printing based on the microCT data. New advances in microCT allow high-resolution imaging of sof t tissues using contrast agents that differentiate tissues\, and we can us e this to investigate development and evolution in embryos and juvenile an imals. The data from quantitative 3D imaging can be the basis of new shape analyses\, including the evolution of complexity in animals and predictin g the shape of undiscovered fossils.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.a u/event/39/contributions/827/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/827/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Clinical synchrotron radiotherapy programs from a medical physicis t point of view DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-826@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jean-François Adam (Université Grenoble-Alpes & \; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes)\nTherapeutic applicati ons of synchrotron x-rays are becoming a reality. The first phase I/II cli nical study of Synchrotron Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (SSRT)\, in plac e at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) since 2012\, consi sts of a dose escalation protocol to show the feasibility and safety of th e technique. 13 patients have been treated using 80 keV high-flux quasi-pa rallel monochromatic x-ray beams\, in the presence of iodinated compounds injected immediately before irradiation\, for radiation dose enhancement p urposes1\,2. Even if the technique is still in its infancy\, these promisi ng technical results are allowing the clinical transfer of other synchrotr on radiation therapy modalities for an improved healthy tissue sparing eff ect combined with an increased tumoricidal effect. One realistic option is the use of high dose rate arrays of synchrotron microbeams (Microbeam rad iation therapy\, MRT) for treating isolated small lesions3. \n\nMRT is bas ed on the spatial fractionation of the dose using an array of parallel mic robeams having a width comparable to that of a human hair (~50 micrometres ) and being separated by regions of almost zero radiation. Pre-clinical st udies have demonstrated that MRT significantly improves the treatment outc ome compared to conventional radiotherapy4\,5. This is the result of prefe rential damage to cancer cells and high tolerance of healthy tissues withi n the irradiation pattern. Although MRT is currently confined to synchrotr on radiation facilities because of the very high radiation dose rate requi red (5\,000 times higher than clinical radiotherapy)\, clinicians and medi cal physicists are collaborating closely with synchrotron scientists to sp earhead its development towards clinical trials. \n\nExtensive methodologi cal developments and rigorous medical physics codes of practice are requir ed for its implementation in clinics. Such protocols are well established in conventional clinical radiotherapy but are not applicable to MRT due to the x-ray spectrum\, high dose rates and radiation detector limitations. Recently\, absolute real time dosimetry methods have been successfully ben chmarked using a microdiamond detector6 or spectrometry techniques7. Moreo ver\, rigorous and reproducible preclinical studies are now possible with the DynMRT system available at the Australian Synchrotron medical beamline . This is mandatory to strengthen the biological data available on healthy tissue tolerances and tumour responses to MRT.\n\nhttps://events01.synchr otron.org.au/event/39/contributions/826/ LOCATION:NCSS Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/826/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Elevated airway liquid volumes at birth: a potential cause of tran sient tachypnea of the newborn DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-822@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Erin McGillick (The Ritchie Centre\, Hudson Institut e for Medical Research\, Melbourne\, Australia & The Department of Obstetr ics and Gynecology\, Monash University\, Melbourne\, Australia)\nBefore bi rth the fetal lungs are filled with liquid\, which must be cleared at birt h to allow entry of air and onset of gas exchange. The rate of preterm bir th and non-labour caesarean delivery has substantially increased\, which d elays lung liquid clearance and increases the risk of neonatal respiratory complications. Retention of liquid in airways and/or lung tissue is thoug ht to underpin the respiratory morbidity associated with transient tachypn ea of the newborn (TTN). TTN results in rapid and laboured breathing immed iately after birth or in the hours following delivery\, that often require s respiratory support. We examined the effects of elevated airway liquid v olumes on respiratory function in the immediate newborn period. Pregnant N ew Zealand white rabbits underwent caesarian surgery and fetal rabbits (ki ttens) were delivered at 30 days of gestation (term\, ~32 days). Following delivery\, kittens were surgically intubated\, and either had lung liquid drained to mimic the natural clearance at birth (Control\, n=7) or had li quid added to the lungs (30ml/kg\; 0.9% sodium chloride) to mimic delayed liquid clearance (TTN\, n=7). Kittens were positioned inside a plethysmogr aph and were mechanically ventilated. Phase contrast X-ray images were obt ained (24keV\; 10Hz framerate\; 20ms exposures\; 2m propagation distance\; at the SPring-8 synchrotron in Japan)\, and imaging analysis was undertak en to determine regional lung gas volumes\, airway dimensions and chest an d lung shape and size. Data were analysed using a two-way repeated measure s ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (P\n\nhttps://events01.sy nchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/822/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/822/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Synchrotron MRT radiation induces DNA damage and inflammatory resp onse in normal mouse tissues distant from the irradiated volume DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-820@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jessica Ventura (The Department of Obstetrics and Gy naecology\, The Royal Women’s Hospital\, Melbourne\, VIC\; Molecular Ra diation Biology Laboratory\, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre\, Melbourne\, V IC)\nDiscovery of the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) demonstrat es that cell death and genomic instability are not restricted to cells tha t are directly exposed to ionising radiation. The RIBE refers to a situati on where cells that have not been directly exposed to IR behave as though they have been exposed. This phenomenon presents real clinical consequence s such as increased risk of secondary malignancies and inflammatory diseas es after localised radiotherapy. Past reports indicate pronounced increase of DNA damage in bystander cells\, especially in those of highly prolifer ative tissues. The fluctuations of the host’s immunological response eli cited by localised radiation exposure are a proposed mechanism of the byst ander effect. Our aim was to establish the contributions of DNA damage res ponse and the immunological components in the propagation of the RIBE\, by using synchrotron-generated irradiation of immune-compromised mice. The I maging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) at the Australian Synchrotron made it p ossible to investigate a new pre-clinical modality\, microbeam radiation t herapy (MRT)\, which yields superior therapeutic benefit while also preser ving neighbouring healthy tissues in animal models\, contrary to the broad beam modality currently used in hospitals. The MRT beam is generated when a single X-ray beam is split by a collimator\, producing a lattice of pla nar microbeams. Wild-type C56BL/6 and Balb/c mice and immune-compromised m ice (macrophage-depleted\, CCL2 K/O and NSG) were irradiated with 10 Gy pe ak dose of MRT in an 8x8 mm^2 area on the right hind leg\, with a dose rat e of 49 Gy/sec. At 3 and 6 days post-irradiation\, irradiated skin and uni rradiated tissue samples were collected and probed for DNA damage using th e γ-H2AX assay\, apoptotic cell death and local immune response. Pronounc ed and robust DNA damage\, apoptotic cells and immunological response were discovered in intestinal crypt cells of wild-type mice\; these events wer e compromised in immune-deficient mice. The role of immune system componen ts in propagation and persistence of systemic genome destabilisation after localised irradiation will be discussed.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron. org.au/event/39/contributions/820/ LOCATION:NCSS Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/820/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Tuneable Materials and Material Dynamics DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T214500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T223500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-819@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Anita Hill (CSIRO)\nCharacterisation of tuneable and adaptive materials at the Australian Synchrotron has enabled an understan ding of non-equilibrium processes such as solute partitioning and phase co mpetition in alloys [1-6]\, architecturing of free volume in polymers [7-9 ]\, and biomineralisation of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) [10-16]. In situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and in-situ powder X-ray diffract ion (PXRD) have been used to gain insight into the dynamic processes that lead to superior performance of materials for use as structural alloys\, c orrosion resistant alloys\, gas separation membranes\, and for use in enca psulation of biomolecules and biological units.\n\nThe talk will highlight the work of CSIRO and collaborators (all work has been advanced by Austra lian Synchrotron results).\n\nAcknowledgements: The work has been support ed by funding from a number of programs including CSIRO OCE Science\, ARC\ , AS and ISAP. All of the co-authors on the publications listed below and their funding agencies are valued contributors to\, and enablers of\, this work. Paolo Falcaro and Raffaele Ricco are now located at Institute of Ph ysical and Theoretical Chemistry\, Technical University Graz\, Stremayrgas se 9\, 8010 Graz\, Austria.\n\n\n1. A. Deschamps\, et al. C.R. Hutchin son\, Acta Mater 2011\, 59\, 2918.\n2. M.D.H. Lay\, et al. T.J. Bastow \, Acta Mater 2012\, 60\, 79. \n3. M.J. Styles\, et al. T.J. Bastow\, Acta Mater 2012\, 60\, 6940.\n4. M.J. Styles\, et al. C.R. Hutchinson\ , Acta Mater 2015\, 98\, 64.\n5. R. Jindal\, et al. C.R. Hutchinson\, Corrosion Science 2014\, 84\, 54.\n6. M.J. Styles\, et al. C.R. Hutchi nson\, Acta Mater 2016\, 117\, 170.\n7. H. B. Park\, et al. D. J. Cook son\, Science 2007\, 318\, 254.\n8. Aaron W. Thornton\, et al. Anita J . Hill\, J Phys Chem C 2013\, 117\, 24654. \n9. Sang Hoon Han\, et al. Paolo Falcaro\, Small 2013\, 9\, 2277.\n10. Buso D.\; Falcaro\, P. WO2 011/133999 2011.\n11. Doherty CM\, et al. Falcaro P. WO2014AU00075 201 40204\, 2014.\n12. Liang\, K.\, et al. Falcaro\, P. TW8864/AU/PROV 201 40707\, 2014.\n13. Erika Zanchetta\, et al. Paolo Falcaro\, Chem Mater 2015\, 27\, 690.\n14. Liang\, K.\, et al. Falcaro\, P. Nature Communi cations 2015\, 6\, 7240.\n15. Liang\, K. et al. Falcaro\, P. Crystal E ngineering Communications 2016\, 18\, 4264.\n16. Kang Liang\, et al. Pa olo Falcaro\, Advanced Materials 2016\, 28\, 7910.\n\nhttps://events01.syn chrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/819/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/819/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Diamond Surfaces for Quantum Applications DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-817@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alastair Stacey (School of Physics\, The University of Melbourne)\nDiamonds exhibit remarkable properties at the confluence of biological and quantum sciences. The crystalline carbon lattice of this m aterial acts as both a quantum vacuum\, allowing long lived coherent state s at room temperature\, while also presenting a bio-friendly interface. Po int defects in this material are now being used for an ever expanding arra y of quantum information and sensing applications\, including live intra-c ellular biosensing. However the diamond surface\, including its typical te rmination structure\, is to date poorly controlled or understood. This ser iously compromises the quantum properties of near-surface point defects (q ubits)\, limiting the applicability of this system. I will present our use of the full capabilities of the soft x-ray spectroscopy beamline\, in con junction with DFT-driven simulations and CVD-based diamond synthesis\, to create\, modify and probe diamond surfaces. This has allowed us to begin u nderstanding and eliminating surface states and structures\, which interfe re with diamond’s otherwise superlative materials properties. In doing s o we have created novel surface chemistries\, found unexpected surface cry stalline defects (including air-stable dangling bonds) and optimized the p roduction and processing steps required to create high-performance diamond devices for a variety of applications. I will also give an overview of th e various associated diamond defect applications we are pursuing\, includi ng wide-field magnetic and thermal imaging\, bio-sensing and 2-D materials characterization.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contrib utions/817/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/817/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Understanding the Formation of Bimetallic Pd-Au Co-catalysts on Ti O2 DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-816@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Andrew Chan (The University of Auckland)\nTransition metal modified titania (M/TiO2\, M = Pd\, Pt or Au) photocatalysts have s hown excellent activity for H2 production in alcohol-water mixtures under UV excitation [1\, 2]. Recently\, we have found that a 0.25 wt.% Pd-0.25 w t.% Au/TiO2 photocatalyst demonstrated a superior H2 production rate of 68 mmol g-1 h-1 compared to monometallic 0.50 wt.% Pd/TiO2 (43.0 mmol g-1 h- 1) or 1.00 wt.% Au/TiO2 (34.2 mmol g-1 h-1) photocatalysts evaluated in 80 vol.% ethanol solutions at a UV flux (365 nm\, 6.5 mW cm-2) comparable to that present in sunlight at the Earth’s surface. To rationalise the hig h H2 production activities of the Pd-Au/TiO2 photocatalysts\, we character ize the materials using UV-Vis absorbance\, TEM\, XRD\, XRF\, N2 physisorp tion and lab-XPS. Preliminary data strongly suggests the formation of bime tallic Pd-Au nanoparticles on the surface of TiO2 responsible for the incr eased H2 evolution rates. Using higher resolution instrumentation\, such a s synchrotron XPS\, XAS and HR-STEM\, we further probed the question of ‘what is the Pd-Au nanoparticle structure (random\, core-shell\, ordered binary alloy)?’ Synchrotron Pd 3d and Au 4f XPS data (hν = 1486.7 eV) confirmed the presence of Pd(0)-Au(0)\, whilst HR-STEM/EDS showed Pd-Au na noparticles of size 2-5 nm composed of randomly arranged Pd and Au atoms w ith a near 1:1 atomic ratio. Pd K-edge and Au L3-edge EXAFS analyses found the onset of alloy formation to occur around 160 °C in a 1 vol.% H2 atmo sphere and nearest neighbour Pd-Au bond lengths of 2.08-2.35 Å were inter mediate to that of Pd and Au metal in good agreement with HR-STEM data (Fi gure 1). Results here guide the rational design of new and improved M/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production.\n\n![][1] \n\nFigure 1. A-HRTEM\, B-STE M-EDS\, C-Pd and D-Au L3 FT-EXAFS.\n\n\nReferences:\n\n[1] Al-Azri\, Z.H.N .\; Chen\, W.T.\; Chan\, A.\; Jovic\, V.\; Ina\, T.\; Idriss\, H.\; Waterh ouse\, G.I.N. J.Catal. 2015\, 329\, 355-367.\n\n[2] Chen\, W.T.\; Chan\, A \; Al-Azri\, Z.H.N.\; Dosado\, A.G.\; Nadeem\, M.A.\; Sun-Waterhouse\, D.\ ; Idriss\, H.\; Waterhouse\, G.I.N. J.Catal. 2015\, 329\, 499-513.\n\n\n [1]: http://noigraphics.heliohost.org/image.png\n\nhttps://events01.synchr otron.org.au/event/39/contributions/816/ LOCATION:Oliphant Auditorium URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/816/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Curing Cancer with the Synchrotron DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-815@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Peter Rogers (University of melbourne)\nMicrobeam ra diotherapy (MRT) was proposed as a novel RT paradigm for treating cancer s ome time ago. However\, progress has been slow and it is unclear when or i f human cancers will be treated with synchrotron radiation. There are nume rous biological\, medical\, technical\, regulatory and ethical issues to c onsider before a human is subjected to synchrotron MRT.\nThis talk will gi ve an overview of the issues that are being\, and still need to be\, addre ssed. Latest data from the current AS/IMBL MRT program will also be presen ted.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/815/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/815/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Liquid crystal self-assembly during in vitro lipolysis of milk and infant formula DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-813@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Malinda Salim (Monash University)\nMilk provides an important source of energy for children\, and is one of the staple foods f or adults with Western diet. The World Health Organization and the Austral ian government have recommended exclusive human milk feeding for infants b elow 6 months\, although commercial infant formulas (IF) can be used as hu man milk substitute in circumstances where human milk is not adequate.[1\, 2] IF is generally manufactured from blends of vegetable oils (such as coc onut\, palm\, palm kernel\, safflower\, soybean\, sunflower\, and recently FDA-approved canola) and/or bovine milk fat to match the required fatty a cid compositions.[3] As such\, there exists variation in the composition o f triglycerides between IF and bovine milk\, in addition to the different brands of IF. Our group has recently demonstrated\, using the Australian S ynchrotron time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)\, formation o f different lipid nanostructures during lipase-catalysed milk digestion wh ere transition from lipid emulsion to L2\, *Fd*3*m*\, H2\, Q2\, and lamell ar vesicles occurred.[4\,5] In this study\, changes in the lipid self-asse mbly during the intestinal digestion process of various infant formulas we re investigated. The effects of milk fat globule (MFG) sizes on the extent of digestion\, and the particle size distribution of the MFG in both milk and IF were analysed. We also characterised the partitioning of the liqui d crystalline structures in the milk lipolytic products using SAXS and cry o-TEM.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/813/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/813/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Extreme imaging on Imaging and Medical Beamline DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161125T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-811@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Anton Maksimenko (Australian Synchrotron)\nThe Imagi ng and Medical Beamline (IMBL) of the Australian Synchrotron is recognised as one of the most advanced facility for the Computed Tomography (CT) exp eriment. It was designed for the macro-imaging\, just touching the microsc opy ranges in the highest magnification configuration. This design assumes that the beamline must be capable of imaging large objects up to 50cm wid e. The monochromatic beam available on the IMBL can penetrate through the large object only if it consists of softer materials usually met in the b iological tissues\, while the samples of higher densities are not transpar ent enough to form the contrast of sufficient quality. In order to overcom e this limitation we have been testing the pink-beam imaging modality. In this mode we are not using the monochromator which extracts a very narrow band from the wide spectrum produced by the superconducting multipole wigg ler of the IMBL\, but instead applied extensive filtration which suppresse s the low-energy component of the beam allowing only the highest energy fr action to pass through. This approach is optimally implemented when the hi gh magnetic field (4T) is applied to the wiggler magnet\, what shifts the spectrum toward the high-energy end.\n\nIn the last year we have tested th is technique in two major beamline configurations: the near-source imaging in the enclosure 2B and the far-end in the enclosure 3B. The first of the se configurations is optimal for the highest energy beam due to the high f lux which is achieved for the price of the relatively small beam - up to 7 0(w) x 7(h) mm. Combination of this beamline configuration with the most s ensitive of our detector (Hamamatsu flat panel\, 200$\\mu m$ pixel size) d efines the most extreme imaging conditions available on the IMBL. The pink beam produced under these conditions has the peak energy above 360keV and allows to perform a successful CT scan of a 4cm led sample in less than o ne hour. In the far-end configuration of the IMBL the beam reaches 45(w) x 4(h) cm in size\, what reduces the flux and dictates softer filtration wi th the peak energy of the pink beam being slightly above 300keV. The beam was tested with various objects which included a soil sample more than 35c m in width\, metal tools of various sizes and large fossils. This presenta tion describes the method in details and presents some of the results obta ined.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/811/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/811/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Synchrotron Tomography in Geotechnical Engineering Applications DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-810@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Guillermo Narsilio (Australian Research Conuncil Fut ure Fellow\, The University of Melbourne)\, Mahdi Disfani (Senior Lecturer in Geotechnical Engineering)\nSynchrotron Radiation-based X-ray Micro-Com puted Tomography (SR-µCT) is a leading edge technology allowing unprecede nted grain-scale observations helping with a better understanding of geoma terial behavior. The higher energy level used in this technique allows rap id scanning of geomaterials under high stress levels to study the progress of crushing and crack propagation. This paper demonstrates and discusses application of synchrotron tomography of geomaterial in two different appl ications in field of energy geotechnics. \n\nA new loading apparatus was developed to conduct compression tests of up to 61 MPa on geomaterials inc luding assemblies of different particles. The equipment allows for studyin g particle breakage in granular assemblies under different loading sequenc es to be monitored and analyzed. Experiment results completed at Imaging a nd Medical BeamLine (IMBL) suggest particle shape as a noteworthy factor c ontrolling degree of crushing in a granular assembly. Test results also in dicate the changes in particle-scale characteristics such as morphology ev olution of sand specimens due to breakage.\n\nThe apparatus was later equi pped with a contact thermal conductivity sensor enabling measuring thermal conductivity properties of a range of geomaterials under different states of stress and crushing. Heat conduction is of critical importance in geot echnical engineering applications such as geothermal systems. Though large ly overlooked\, microstructural properties govern heat flow in geomaterial s. A numerical heat flow simulation is highly desirable because it reveals the intimate relation between microstructure and the bulk macro-scale the rmal (conductivity) properties used in engineering design applications. De velopment of such a model\, however\, has historically been hampered by la ck of access to image data of real geomaterials and the effect of imperfec t real grain contacts. The equipment developed and test results conducted at IMBL in the Australian Synchrotron addresses these shortcomings through the use of high-resolution 4D imaging and a new grain contact correction factor.\n\nTest results suggests how synchrotron tomography can be used to study the change in micro structure of soils and aggregates and how it ca n help in bridging the knowledge gap between micro and macro behavior of g eomaterials.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions /810/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/810/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Structural characterization by Small Angle Scattering suggests mod els for monomeric and dimeric forms of full-length ezrin DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T031500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-809@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Anthony Duff (ANSTO)\nEzrin is member of the ERM (Ez rin-Radixin-Moesin) family of proteins that have been conserved through me tazoan evolution. These proteins have dormant and active forms\, where the latter links the actin cytoskeleton to membranes. ERM proteins have three domains: an N-terminal FERM (band Four-point-one ERM) domain comprising t hree subdomains (F1\, F2 and F3)\; a helical domain\; and a C-terminal act in-binding domain. In the dormant form\, FERM and C-terminal domains form a stable complex. We have determined crystal structures of the active FERM domain and the dormant FERM:C-terminal domain complex of human ezrin. We observe bistable array of phenylalanine residues in the core of subdomain F3 that is mobile in the active form and locked in the dormant form. As su bdomain F3 is pivotal in binding membrane proteins and phospholipids\, the se transitions may facilitate activation and signaling. Full-length ezrin forms stable monomers and dimers. We used small-angle x-ray scattering to determine the solution structures of these species. As expected\, the mono mer shows a globular domain with a protruding helical coiled-coil. The dim er shows an elongated dumbbell structure that is twice as long as the mono mer. By aligning ERM sequences spanning metazoan evolution\, we show that the central helical region is conserved\, preserving the heptad repeat. Us ing this\, we have built a dimer model where each monomer forms half of an elongated anti-parallel coiled-coil with domain-swapped FERM:C-terminal d omain complexes at each end. The model suggests that ERM dimers may bind t o actin in a parallel fashion.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/even t/39/contributions/809/ LOCATION:NCSS Seminar Room URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/809/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES AS CONCENTRATED SOURCES RELATED TO UPTAKE AN D DOSE IN MAMMALS DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T001500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20161124T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260811T085642Z UID:indico-contribution-39-808@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Child (ANSTO)\nThe radiological residues at th e former weapons testing sites in Australia\, at Maralinga\, Emu and the M onte Bello Islands\, often occur in particulate form (“hot particles”) . Large numbers of these particles were emitted from nuclear test detonati ons and non-nuclear tests. For example\, more than 3000 readily identifiab le particles can occur in the soil of a single square meter\, in a plume t hat extends for tens of kilometres at the Taranaki site (Maralinga). The p hysical and chemical characteristics of these particles affect their mobil ity and availability for uptake into living organisms. These particles\, w hich are weathering slowly\, may contain long-lived radionuclides (e.g. 23 9Pu) and thus will provide persistent sources of smaller\, more readily re spirable hot-particles\, as well as ionic forms of radionuclides\, for man y thousands of years.\nFrom these Australian sites\, we have gathered a se ries of particles that have weathered and interacted with the environment for 50+ years since their initial formation and release events. The partic les are being evaluated using a range of methods including gamma spectrome try\, PSL autoradiography\, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry analysis (AMS)\, leaching studies\, and X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) at the Austral ian Synchrotron.\nSignificant findings include the clustering of 137Cs on the exterior of a glassy fission fragment\, with 90Sr occurring in the nea rby interior\, suggesting the 137Cs may be more available for weathering p rocesses\, and the beta emissions from the 90Sr may be largely self-shield ed within the particle. In contrast\, a different particle from a nearby s ite lacked any fission products\, but contained Pu(IV) oxyhydroxides\, con sistent with weathering in a semi-arid environment. The 239Pu would impart significant dose to nearby tissue. However\, XFM data\, including X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)\, and extended X-ray absorption fin e structure (EXAFS) indicate particles with a “core-shell” structure\, with most Pu(IV) oxyhydroxide clustered in the core surrounded by an exte rnal layer containing Ca\, Fe\, and U. Detailed dose modelling suggests mo st of the alpha emissions from particles > 5µm are self-shielded within t he particles themselves\, and therefore impart lower dose than the equival ent dissolved Pu. However\, when Pu exists on exterior surfaces\, a hot pa rticle that has been internalised (e.g. lodged in a mammalian lung) may pr oduce relatively intense dose rates to adjacent tissues.\n\nhttps://events 01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/808/ LOCATION:Conference Rooms URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/39/contributions/808/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR