BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//CERN//INDICO//EN BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:An Approach to Degradation Mechanisms using Numerical Model Fittin g in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Organic Light Emitti ng Diodes (OLEDs) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-536@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tadahiko Hirai (CSIRO)\nWe approach degradation mech anisms in green thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic li ght emitting diodes (OLEDs) by a numerical model fitting method included a Schottky numerical model to evaluate barrier height of carrier injection at interfaces. Using temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V) behavior of hole only (HOD) device \; glass / ITO (100nm) / HAT-CN (10) / Tris-PCz (70nm) / Al (100nm) \, electron only device (EOD) \; glass / ITO (100nm) / Bpy-TP2 (40nm) /LiF (0.8nm) / Al (100nm) and our model\, we have obtaine d values for the Richardson factor\, and the barrier height. From the temp erature dependent I-V characteristics of the HOD and our model fitting\, w e have estimated PhiB(H)=0.370 [eV]\, A*(H)=1.0×10-2 [A/cm2/K2] and thres hold voltage VTH(H)=1.5 [V] for the injection of hole carriers. Notably\, the A* value of the ITO/HAT-CN/Tris-PCz interface is much smaller than tha t of a metal/Si interface 20). This suggests that A* is strongly dependent on the combination of ma-terials and its interface condition. \n Likew ise\, we also obtained the device parameters for the electron injection in terface from the temperature dependent I-V characteristics of the EOD. Fr om the measurement data and our model fitting\, we have estimated PhiB(E)= 0.285 [eV]\, A*(E)= 1.0×10-3 [A/cm2/K2] and VTH(E)=2.2 [V].\n Therefore \, we tried stress tests using 1 hour 500mA/cm2 current stress for HOD and EOD. The param-eter determined for the HOD show no significant change. In contrast to this the EOD parameters show significant change after curren t stressing\; PhiB(E)=0.285 -> 0.345 [eV]\, A*(E)= 1.0×10-3 -> 1.0×10-2 [A/cm2/K2] and VTH(E)=2.2 -> 2.5 [V]. It is apparent that the interface of electron injection side has undergone significant degradation during t he current stressing as revealed by the change in the device parameters.\n \n Hence\, we have obtained the delayed response of luminescence under p ulsed operation of delta-doped green TADF OLEDs \; glass / ITO (100nm) / H AT-CN (10) / Tris-PCz (30nm) / mCP:4CZIPN (15%\,30nm) / T2T (10nm) / Bpy-T P2 (40nm) / LiF (0.8nm) / Al (100nm) after current stress. \n In order t o approach degradation mechanisms\, we fabricated a half doped structure i n the emission layer. The results of pulsed operation indicate the quick r esponse of luminescence has been generated in a very thin region con-tacte d to the electron injection side in the emission layer.\n\n On the other hand\, STEM cross sectional images of the TADF green OLEDs show a differe nt contrast at interface region of Bpy-TP2 as electron injection layer bet ween before and after the current stress. The results are consistent with changes of parameters in the EOD after current stress.\n\n From our experi mental and model fitting results\, we describe a degradation model dominat ed at electron injection interface in TADF green OLEDs.\n\nhttps://events0 1.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/536/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/536/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Vacancy-mediated electrical conductivity in lithium fluoride upon moderate heating DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-533@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: David Hoxley (La Trobe University)\nThe challenge po sed by charge accumulation at the interfaces of low dimensional electronic devices has resulted in a wide range of novel architectures as well as po tential applications in organic electronics such as organic photovoltaics. These devices include\, among others\, organic light-emitting diodes and organic thin-film transistors. Within such devices\, the use of lithium fl uoride (LiF) as an inter-facial layer reduces the potential barrier at the interface which facilitates the efficient collection of photo-generated c harge with minimal energy [1]. This manifests itself in minimising the ban d bending at interfaces of such devices and is attributed to the low work function of LiF\, which reduces the effective work function at the interfa ce [2] and in turn leads to efficient charge extraction/injection in the o rganic layer [3]. Thus the electrical properties of LiF are a subject of i nterest. While most alkali halides have been extensively investigated\, Li F is an exception which\, to date\, has not been given enough attention. W e show that lithium fluoride conducts electricity on heating to temperatur es well below its melting point. By examining the variation in conductivit y with heating along (111) plane\, we show that the conductivity is due to a mechanism of ion hopping and vacancy migration through the host lattice sites. By fitting the data into the Nernst-Einstein relation the two line ar regions were obtained from which upon extrapolation the activation ener gies for ion hopping were found to be 0.67 eV and 0.35 eV for high-tempera ture (region I) and low-temperature (region II) regions respectively as sh own in the figure below. Conductivity of LiF has implications for its use as an inter-facial layer in photovoltaic device design and potential use i n bio-sensing devices due to its cell tissue effective mass equivalence. \ n\n![LiF conductivity plot][1]\n\n\n[1] F. Zhu\, B. Low\, K. Zhang\, S. Chua\, Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001) 1205-1207.\n\n[2] R. Schlaf\, B. Parkinson\, P. Lee\, K. Nebesny\, G. Jabbour\, B. Kippelen\, N. Peygha mbarian\, N. Armstrong\, Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998) 6729-6736.\n \n[3] K. G. Lim\, M. R. Choi\, J. H. Kim\, D. H. Kim\, G. H. Jung\, Y. Park\, J. L. Lee\, T. W. Lee\, ChemSusChem 7 (2014) 1125-1132.\n\n\n [1]: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUNYEP_UcAAYjG8.png:large\n\nhttps://events01 .synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/533/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/533/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Low temperature effect of lithium diffusion in 18650-type MNC batt ery DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T041500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T043000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-532@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Chun-Ming Wu (NSRRC)\nInvestigations of the phenomen a in atomic scale are essential for fully understandings of the activities in battery operation. The battery is known to be operated in a broad temp erature range below and above the ambient temperature. Temperature change could affect the performance\, and might even raise safety issue. Li-platt ing\, where metallic Li-ions accumulate onto the graphite anode\, is a rec ently realized atomic pheromone that severely degrades the performance of the battery. These including capacity loss\, impedance raise\, activity sl owing down and aging speeding up. \n It is now known that intercalation into the graphite and platting onto the graphite surface can both occur w hen Li-ions return to the graphite anode upon charging. Li-plating will pa rtially block the insertion of Li-ions onto the graphite electrode in some extent\, which reduces the migration of Li-ions during discharging and ch arging. Clearly\, local environment\, such as temperature or electric fiel d\, could affect the insertion rate\, but experimental study or theoretica l modeling concerning these effects are still limited. \n Here\, we report on the results of studies made\, using cold neutron triple-axis spe ctrometer – SIKA’s elastic mode\, on the Li+ diffusion rate of an 1865 0-type Li-ion battery in discharging-charging operations\, carried out at and below the ambient temperature. Sizable in-situ neutron diffraction int ensities for the {001} reflection of LiC6\, for the {002} reflection of Li C12\, as well as for the {004} reflection of LiC54 were clearly detected i n very 5 minute interval during a discharging-charging operation\, which w ere then used to extract the Li+ diffusion rate during operation. \n In terestingly\, operation with a C/5 discharging rate performed at -20 ℃ c auses a dramatically 25% reduction in the Li+ diffusion rate and even more surprisingly the discharge transfers only 35% of the Li out of the graphi te anode since the diffusion essentially stop in the early stage (~1/3) of the discharge period. The reduction and stopping of Li+ diffusion can eff ectively corrected by employing a lower discharging rate in the operation. \n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/532/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/532/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Reactions of dihalogenated 3\,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes on metal s urfaces DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-531@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Jennifer MacLeod (QUT)\nConducting polymers are a ke y component of modern technologies: they are used in batteries and in disp lays\, and they have a promising future in solar conversion and emerging t echnologies like flexible electronics. The polymer formed from 3\,4-ethyle nedioxythiophene\, known as poly-3\,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or PEDOT\, is used in a variety of applications\, primarily because of its low bandgap\ , transparency and stability. PEDOT is typically solution processed\, and although this technique is simple\, it offers limited control over the st ructure of the polymer. Surface-confined polymerization is emerging as an important technique for the structurally-controlled synthesis of material s like PEDOT.[1\,2]\n\nIn order to explore possibilities for the surface-c onfined synthesis of structurally well-defined PEDOT\, we have studied the reactions of dibromoEDOT and dichloroEDOT on Cu(111)\, Ag(111) and Au(111 ). The function of these surfaces is twofold: they provide an ordered te mplate for epitaxial growth\, and they act as catalyst for the Ullmann deh alogenation of the precursor molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed at the SXR beamline of the Australian Sy nchrotron to benchmark the reaction temperatures for the successive steps in the on-surface reaction for both molecules on all three surfaces. Angl e-resolved near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra comp lement the information provided by XPS\, and provide insight into the mole cular adsorption geometry throughout the reaction pathway. Together\, the se data elucidate the benefits and drawbacks of different metal surfaces a nd different halogens in the context of the surface-confined synthesis of ordered PEDOT.\n\n[1] M. El Garah\, J.M. MacLeod and F Rosei\, Surf. S ci. 613\, 6-14 (2013)\n[2] J.A. Lipton-Duffin et al.\, Proc. Nat. Acad. S ci. 107 (25)\, 11200-11204 (2010)\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/e vent/19/contributions/531/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/531/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:A Morphotropic Phase Boundary in Samarium-modified Bismuth Ferrite Thin Films DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T214500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T221500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-530@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Nagarajan Valanoor (UNSW Australia)\nInterfacial con trol of a polar (rhombohedral)-to-non-polar (orthorhombic) phase transitio n in (001) oriented epitaxial BiFeO3/(Bi1-xSmx)FeO3 superlattices is prese nted. We demonstrate controlling the composition at which a polar phase tr ansformation takes place by tuning the strength of the interlayer interact ions while holding the average composition constant. It is shown that the thickness of the superlattice layers have a strong influence on the inter layer polar coupling\, which in turn changes the phase transition. For sho rtest periods studied (layers 5 and 10 nm thick) the onset of the phase tr ansition is suppressed along with a significant broadening (as a function of Sm3+ concentration) of an incommensurately modulated phase\, determined by two-dimensional x-ray diffraction mapping. Consequently\, ferroelectri c character with robust polarization hysteresis and enhanced dielectric co nstant\, is observed even for substitution concentration of Sm3+ which wou ld otherwise lead to a leaky paraelectric in single-layer (Bi1-xSmx)FeO3 f ilms. The experimental results are fully consistent with a mean-field ther modynamic theory which reveals that the strength of the interlayer couplin g is strongly affected by the polar-polar interaction across the interface . Part of this work appears in Phys. Rev. B 90\, 245131(2014).\n\nhttps:// events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/530/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/530/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Gamma irradiation effect on optical and laser damage performance o f KDP crystals DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T231500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T233000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-528@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Xiaodong Yuan (Research Center of Laser Fusion\, Chi na Academy of Engineering Physics)\nKDP (KH2PO4) is a nonlinear transparen t dielectric crystalline material used in various laser systems for harmon ic generation. It has been used for inertial confinement fusion in the Nat ional Ignition Facility\, USA. However\, the physical and chemical propert ies of the KDP crystals may degrade under γ and neutron radiations. There fore\, it is important to understand the effects of radiations on the opti cal properties especially laser induced damage performance during subseque nt laser irradiation. \nIn this work\, the effect of Co60 gamma-ray irradi ation on KDP crystal with the dose in a range from 1 kGy to 100 kGy is inv estigated using UV-Vis absorption\, fluorescence\, DC electrical conductiv ity\, positron annihilation lifetime\, and laser induced damage threshold (LIDT). A wide absorption band between 250 and 400 nm appears after γ-irr adiation and its intensity increases with the increasing irradiation dose. The dc electrical conductivity of γ-irradiated KDP crystals increases wi th the increasing irradiation dose when the dose is less than 10 kGy while it remains constantly with the irradiation dose beyond 100 kGy. The incre ase of electrical conductivity is associated with the increase of proton d efect concentration in the crystal and the related mechanism is discussed. The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy is also used to reveal th e evolution of vacancy-type defects in KDP crystal. The decrease of LIDT a nd size of vacancy-type clusters with the increasing irradiation dose is a lso investigated.\n\nShort Bio: Wanguo Zheng is the Project Leader of SG-I II laser facility in China. He is also the Deputy Director of Research Cen ter for Laser Fusion\, China Academy of Engineering Physics. He received h is PhD degree in Optical Engineering at Fudan University. In 2011\, he was awarded The 14th Qiushi Outstanding Young Scientist of China Association for Science and Technology. His research interests focuses on optical mate rials and large-aperture optical components\, laser engineering and high-p ower laser technology\, and radiation effects of materials. He has publish ed more than 100 scientific papers in international peer-reviewed journals .\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/528/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/528/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Reversible electrochromism\, elasto-optic and thermo-optic effects in BiFeO3 films DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T221500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T223000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-527@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Daniel Sando (School of Materials Science and Engine ering\, University of New South Wales)\nChromism refers to a change in opt ical absorption of a material upon application of stimulus\; e.g. photochr omism – light\; thermochromism – heat\; electrochromism – electric c harge\; magnetochromism – magnetic field. This phenomenon has wide appli cations\, in for example so-called ‘smart glass’ which can be switched from a transparent to opaque state through the application of voltage\, h eat\, or light. \nBismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 – BFO) is the only known singl e-phase multiferroic material whose ordering temperatures are above ambien t (ferroelectric TC = 1200 K\; antiferromagnetic TN = 640 K) [1]. As a con sequence\, this material has attracted enormous research interest\, on bot h a fundamental level and for its promise in room-temperature spintronics. In addition to its outstanding ferroelectric properties and rich spin phy sics\, BFO has rather striking optical properties: a band gap in the visib le range (attractive for light harvesting applications)\; a bulk photovolt aic effect with open-circuit voltages much higher than the band gap\, very large birefringence\, and a significant electro-optic response [2].\nEpit axial strain has been shown to be a powerful means of modifying the physic al properties of BFO films [3]. By depositing strained thin films on subst rates with different lattice parameters\, the effects of both compressive and tensile strain can be explored. Important phenomena revealed using thi s technique are the drastic modification of the ferroelectric ordering tem perature [4]\, and the spin order [5]. In addition\, large compressive str ains can stabilize a highly-distorted polymorph (T-like phase BFO) which s hows distinctly modified physical properties when compared to the R (bulk- like) phase. Of particular relevance to this work is the larger optical b and gap and the related modulation of optical absorption for photon energi es near the band edge.\nIn this presentation we first describe the effect of epitaxial strain on the optical band gap and refractive index of strain ed BFO films. Via strain engineering techniques we uncover a large elasto- optic effect (change in refractive index with strain) that surpasses that of the best acousto-optic materials (such as quartz or TeO2). More importa ntly\, through dynamic switching between the different phases\, we demonst rate a time-stable\, reversible\, and intrinsic electrochromic effect. Fur thermore\, through temperature dependent optical measurements\, we reveal a large thermo-optic effect (change in index with temperature)\, a phenome non which could be attractive for optical modulators or switches. Our resu lts constitute an important first step in the development of integrated mu ltifunctional thin film optical devices based on complex oxides. Indeed th e coupling of optical\, magnetic\, and piezoelectric orders possible in th is class of materials suggests new device opportunities based on ferroelec tric and multiferroic thin films.\n\nReferences\n[1] G. Catalan and J.F . Scott\, Adv. Mater. 21\, 2463 (2009).\n[2] D. Sando et al\, Phys Rev. B 89\, 195106 (2014).\n[3] D. Sando et al\, J. Phys. Cond. Mat. 26\, 4 73201 (2014).\n[3] I.C. Infante et al\, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105\, 057601 ( 2010).\n[4] D. Sando et al\, Nat. Mater. 12\, 641 (2013).\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/527/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/527/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Crystalline self-stratification in polymer thin films DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T230000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T233000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-526@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Eliot Gann (Australian Synchrotron)\nThe orientation of molecules within thin films is of critical importance to the emerging field of organic electronics. Particularly in the case of solution proces sable polymers and small molecules\, where alkyl side chains\, included fo r solubility\, impede conduction along that molecular direction\, understa nding and controlling the molecular orientation both at surfaces and in th e bulk of thin films is increasingly important to further increase electro nic performance. Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering has been w idely used to look at the orientation of crystallites within films\, but a capability which has not been widely used is its potential to characteriz e the depth within films at which different kinds of molecular stacking oc cur. Using very fine control over the angle of incidence of the X-ray bea m\, we observe a distinct segregation of edge-on crystallinity in a film o f the polymer PNDI-SVS which otherwise stacks in a highly face-on orientat ion. Using simulations of the X-ray Electric Field Intensity within the f ilm\, the angular variation of scattering intensity can be matched\, resul ting in the conclusion that the surface region extends 9 nm into the 72 nm film. \n\nDuring the spin-coating deposition process\, a face-on orienta tion is initially observed\, likely the result of preaggregation in soluti on in combination with a relatively fast-drying solvent. The stratified mo rphology is produced by annealing the film for a brief time\, while upon f urther annealing\, the bulk of the film eventually reorients to become edg e-on\, suggesting that the stratification is a non-equilibrium\, kinetical ly-trapped state. With brief annealing\, only the surface region of the fi lm has time to reorient to the ultimately lower energy edge-on orientation . The time and temperature of this reorganization can reveal the differen ce in energetics at different depths within the film\, illustrating how gr azing incidence scattering can open up the possibility of examining thin f ilms in novel and important ways.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/e vent/19/contributions/526/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/526/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The endless possibilities of graphene on heteroepitaxial silicon c arbide DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T214500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T221500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-521@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Francesca Iacopi (Griffith University\, Queensland M icro and Nanotechnology Centre)\nEpitaxial graphene grown using solid sour ce carbon from silicon carbide wafers has been for long time the only rout e to obtain high quality graphene directly grown at the wafer –level\, w hich is crucial to realise the promise of graphene for nanodevices. Noneth eless\, the capability of obtaining comparable quality of graphene on sili con as opposed to silicon carbide wafers\, would open an immense opportuni ty for graphene in integrated circuits and micro-systems in general. While encouraging results have been obtained through thermal decomposition of h eteroepitaxial SiC films on silicon wafers\, this has usually been limited to small areas and to the use of Si (111) surfaces. Moreover\, the obtain ed graphene quality tends to be strongly hampered by the upper limitation in synthesis temperature set by the melting temperature of silicon. \nWe have recently demonstrated for the first time that most of those limitatio ns can be overcome with the use of heteroepitaxial silicon carbide films i n combination with a catalytic alloy of nickel and copper. With this appro ach we obtain 2 layers graphene on silicon carbide with uniform coverage o ver the silicon wafer and an average ID/IG ratio of about 0.2 +/- 0.05 [1] \, indicating a substantial improvement as compared to a ratio of ~1 and a bove of graphene through the more conventional thermal decomposition. This novel catalytic approach on silicon holds high promise for integrated app lications also through the capability for straightforward graphene micropa tterning through self-aligned synthesis on pre-structured silicon carbide on silicon [2]. Moreover\, we have demonstrated the potential for this app roach to fabricate high –performing electrodes for integrated supercapac itor structures [3].\n[1] F.Iacopi\, N.Mishra\, B.V.Cunning\, D.Goding\, S .Dimitrijev\, R.Brock\, R.H.Dauskardt\, B.Wood and J.J.Boeckl\, “A catal ytic alloy approach for highly uniform graphene on epitaxial SiC on silico n wafers”\, J.Mater.Res.30(5)\, 609-616\, 2015.\n[2] B.V.Cunning\, M.Ahm ed\, N.Mishra\, A.R.Kermany\, B.Wood\, F.Iacopi\, “Graphitized silicon c arbide microbeams on silicon: wafer-level\, self -aligned graphene on sili con wafers”\, Nanotechnology 25\, 325301\, 2014.\n[3] M.Ahmed\, M.Khawaj a\, M.Notarianni\, B.Wang\, D.Goding\, B.Gupta\, J.J. Boeckl\, A.Takshi\, N.Motta\, S.E.Saddow\, F.Iacopi\, “A thin film approach for SiC–derive d graphene as an on-chip electrode for supercapacitors”\, Nanotechnology 26\, 434005\, 2015.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contr ibutions/521/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/521/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Pluto: the next frontier for studies of condensed matter DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T220000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T223000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-520@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Helen Brand (Australian Synchrotron.)\nIn July this year\, the NASA New Horizons spacecraft completed an historic flyby of the Plutonian system\, the first spacecraft to visit Pluto. The long-awaited data from this mission will take months to be returned in full to Earth. H owever\, the wealth of data received so far\, although small in volume\, i s already providing amazing insights into the surface morphology and geoch emistry of Pluto and providing important clues into the inner workings of this dwarf planet.\n\nNew Horizons is equipped with high resolution imagin g cameras as well as geochemical equipment to investigate surface and atmo spheric compositions. Using a combination of geological mapping\, geochemi cal data and other physical measurements\, planetary scientists aim to det ermine the processes that shape the interior and surface of Pluto and othe r outer solar system objects. \n\nIn situ studies of the materials found o n bodies within the outer solar system is an emerging area\, both for plan etary science and for research in Australia. The conditions of the icy sat ellites are simulated while data\, typically diffraction\, (X-ray or neutr on)\, or IR data\, is recorded. The observations and material properties o btained in these studies can then be used as a comparison to spacecraft da ta or an input to models of geological processes. \n\nThis contribution wi ll include a background introduction to the New Horizons mission\, an over view of the findings and data so far\, and a discussion of how structural condensed matter studies\, particularly synchrotron and neutron studies\, can unlock the processes that govern the outer solar system.\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/520/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/520/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Solvent restructuring at colloidal nanoparticle surfaces DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-517@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Mirijam Zobel (Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlang en-Nürnberg)\nInterfaces are the key to understand manifold chemical and physical processes\, for instance catalytic reactions as well as nanoparti cle nucleation and growth. Nanoparticle surfaces have a strong tendency to restructure to strained atomic arrangements in order to stabilize themsel ves at their finite size [1\,2]. But also restructuring of the solvent mol ecules takes place. The presence of colloidal nanoparticles in bulk solven ts induces a reorientation of the solvent molecules and a change of the hy drogen bond network in the vicinity of the particle surface.\nWe could for the first time experimentally prove the universality of solvent restructu ring around nanoparticles for a matrix of redispersed nanoparticles (ZnO\, TiO2\, ZrO2\, Ag) in the primary alcohols methanol to 1-propanol as well as in nonpolar hexane and water. We carried out high-energy x-ray scatteri ng experiments on colloidal dispersions with a metal ion concentration of ca. 0.4 wt% / 30 mM. We observe primarily the reorientation of solvent mol ecules along the surface normal\, yielding a sinusoidal oscillation of the solvent electron density profile in the corresponding pair distribution f unctions (PDF). The rearrangement of molecules reaches out as far as 2 nm into the bulk liquid and the decays exponentially [3].\nMolecular dynamics modelling predict that the solvent restructuring is influenced by the par ticle size\, shape\, crystallinity or the facetting [4]. Nucleation and gr owth depend on the attachment of new primary building blocks like ions or precursor clusters to existing particle surfaces. This process is determin ed by the interaction of the building blocks with the surface. The interac tion and the electric field of the nanoparticle is however modulated by th e solvent layering at the surface. We carried out in-situ PDF experiments on the nucleation of 3 nm large ZnO nanoparticles from precursor clusters in ethanol and revealed that the layering of the solvent molecules at the nanoparticle surface changes during nucleation. Understanding these change s will help us in the future to better model nanoparticle nucleation and g rowth.\n\n[1] Zhang\, H.\, et al. Nature 424 (2003)\, 1025\n[2] Gilbert\, B.\, et al. Science 305 (2004)\, 651\n[3] Zobel\, M.\, et al. Science 347 (2015)\, 292\n[4] Spagnoli\, D.\, et al. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7 3 (2009) 4023\n[5] Silvera Batista\, C. A.\, et al. Science 350 (2015)\, 6 257\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/517/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/517/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:NEXAFS characterisation of CVD graphene on copper DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T223000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T224500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-512@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Hud Wahab (UNSW Canberra)\nTechnology development an d device-design based upon graphene materials require reliable techniques for mass production that are time-robust and reproducible. CVD-synthesis i s expected to be the prime candidate for such up-scaling. Copper is a pref erred substrate for CVD. Details of the graphene-copper substrate interact ions in regard to mechanical stability and electronic band structure are t herefore crucial input for future device engineering. \n\nSuch application will require that the electronic band-structure of different graphene mat erials is measured in detail and that graphene-substrate interactions are well understood. Both\, the degree of sp2-hybridisation and the electronic band-structure can be directly probed with NEXAFS. The spectroscopy techn ique enables detailed studies of structural changes at the graphene surfac e and at its substrate interface. Our NEXAFS studies at the Australian Syn chrotron have produced new evidence for a contentious state in graphene ne ar 288 eV. This resonance has been intermittently observed before by other s and it is often referred to as an 'interlayer state' due to a perceived analogy with graphite [1-5] . \n\nOur results for CVD-graphene synthesized on copper show a pronounced anisotropy for this state. We derive an excit ation energy of 288.3 eV and a partial overlap with an isotropic contamina ting resonance. After annealing and keeping the graphene in ultra-high vac uum\, the NEXAFS signature of the 288.3 eV state only gradually appears an d builds-up over several hours. This signature can be removed again by ren ewed annealing. The reversible phenomenon may thus relate to residual latt ice mismatch between the graphene and the copper substrate. Associated str ess may gradually be relaxed through the rippling of the graphene layer [6 ]. Tilting angles of >20° appear possible. The rippling is evidenced in o ur data by a correlated\, reversible non-linearity of the cos-square-theta -dependence of the 285 eV π* resonance of graphene. \n\n\nReferences\n\n[ 1] Fischer et al.\, Phys. Rev. B\, 44 (1991) 1427-1429\n \n[2] Pacile et al.\, Phys. Rev. Lett.\, 101 (2008) 066806 \n\n[3] Jeong et al.\; Phys. Rev. Lett.\, 102 (2009) 099701 \n\n[4] Lee et al.\; J. of Phys. Chem. Let t. 1 (2010) 1247-1253 \n\n[5] Schultz et al.\; Nature Communications\, 2 (2011) 372 \n\n[6] Paronyan et al.\, ACS Nano\, Vol. 5\, 12\, 2011\, 9619 \n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/512/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/512/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Microsecond-resolved insights by SAXS and WAXS into the early stag es of CdS quantum dot formation DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T224500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T230000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-511@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Andreas Magerl (University Erlangen-Nürnberg)\nSemi conducting nanoparticles (quantum dots) show a wide range of potential app lications due to their unique size-dependent physical and chemical propert ies. A major issue today concerns the make of such particles with a suffic ient control of the particle size\, shape and polydispersity\, which calls for a good understanding of the formation mechanisms involved. We have de veloped a free liquid jet setup which allows to access a so far unexplored time regime from 20 µs up to 10 ms. The key advantages compared to capil lary based outfits are: 1) access of very early stages (1000 times faster than in stopped-flow experiments)\, 2) high time resolution (down to 10 µ s)\, 3) no radiation damage in the sample\, and 4) high quality data evalu ation because of missing container scattering. For longer timescales we ha ve pioneered a free drop setup\, which again provides for container-free m easurements for reaction times beyond 100 ms. By SAXS experiments the size s and morphology of the early particle states are accessible while simulta neously acquired WAXS patterns give insights into the evolution of the cry stalline structure.\nBoth SAXS and WAXS studies show\, that the CdS quantu m dot formation from aqueous solutions is along a non-classical two-step n ucleation pathway starting with the formation of primary clusters driven b y the fast ion diffusion. Further growth is by cluster attachment where th e diffusion of the primary clusters appears as the growth-limiting factor. Temperature dependent data yield a diffusion with an activation energy of Eg=0.6 eV.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/ 511/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/511/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Multimode photon-assisted tunnelling in superconducting quantum ci rcuits DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-510@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Matt Woolley (UNSW Canberra)\nAmong the most excitin g recent advances in the field of superconducting quantum circuits is the ability to coherently couple microwave photons in low-loss cavities to qua ntum electronic conductors [1]. These hybrid quantum systems hold great pr omise for quantum information processing applications\, and they enable th e exploration of new physical regimes of light-matter interactions.\n\nThe physics of a tunnel junction illuminated by a purely classical microwave field has been understood since the 1960’s with the classic work of Tien and Gordon [2]. This situation is equivalent to simply having an ac bias voltage across the conductor\, and the resulting modification of the curre nt is known as photon-assisted tunneling. Despite the word “photon” in the effect’s name\, in this standard formulation there is nothing quant um in the treatment of the applied microwave field. \n\nIf the cavity is n ot driven\, the cavity-plus-conductor setup realizes another well-studied quantum transport problem: dynamical Coulomb blockade (DCB) [3\,4]. Here\, the cavity acts as a structured electromagnetic environment for the junct ion\, one that can absorb (and at non-zero temperature\, emit) energy from tunnelling electrons. \n\nIn stark contrast to standard DCB\, in Ref. 5 w e considered a non-equilibrium environment produced by preparing a microwa ve cavity in a non-classical (“quantum”) state. The cavity effectively acts as an ac voltage bias across the conductor\; by maintaining the cavi ty in a non-classical state\, the junction is exposed to a non-trivial mic rowave field. We considered stationary\, single-mode non-classical microwa ves (e.g. squeezed states\, Fock states)\, in the experimentally-relevant situation where a superconducting microwave cavity is coupled to a conduct or in the single electron tunneling regime. \n\nWe found that the conducto r functions as a non-trivial probe of the microwave state: the emission an d absorption of photons by the conductor is characterized by a non-positiv e definite quasi-probability distribution which is related to the Glauber- Sudarshan P-function of quantum optics. These negative quasi-probabilities have a direct influence on the conductance of the conductor\, and the non -classicality of the microwave field may be inferred directly from feature s in the current-voltage characteristic. \n\nHere we consider the behaviou r of a quantum conductor in the presence of stationary\, but multimode\, s tructured microwave field environments. We show how the statistics of thes e microwave fields\, including their correlations and entanglement\, impac t the current and current noise of the coupled conductor. We describe how the statistics of the multimode microwave fields can be inferred through t ransport measurements alone. \n\n1. K. D. Petersson et al.\, Nature 490 \, 380 (2012).\n2. P. K. Tien and J. P. Gordon\, Phys. Rev. 129\, 647 ( 1963). \n3. M. H. Devoret et al.\, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64\, 1824 (1990).\n 4. S. M. Girvin et al.\, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64\, 3183 (1990).\n5. J.-R . Souquet\, M. J. Woolley\, J. Gabelli\, P. Simon\, and A. A. Clerk\, Natu re Communications 5\, 5562 (2014).\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/ event/19/contributions/510/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/510/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Towards Realisation of High-Performance Thermoelectrics for Energy Conversion DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T043000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-507@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Zhigang Chen (the University of Queensland)\nThermoe lectric materials directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy\, offering a green and sustainable alternative for the global energy market .[1\, 2] So far\, extensive investigations have been made to improve the t hermoelectric efficiency\, which governed by the dimensionless figure-of-m erit ZT ( )\, where σ is the electrical conductivity\, S is the Seebeck c oefficient\, T is the absolute temperature\, and  is the total thermal conductivity which is the sum of the contributions from its electron (e ) and lattice (L) components. Here\, we developed cost-effective\, and low-toxic thermoelectrics for high-efficiency energy conversion using nove l industry-level approach\, coupled with nanostructure and band engineerin g strategies. Through effective design of thermoelectric materials with en gineered chemistry and unique structure\, and advanced manufacturing\, hig h-performance thermoelectrics\, such as Cu2Se\,[3] Bi2Se3\,[4] Bi2Te3\,[5- 8] In3Se4\,[9\, 10] etc.\, have been realised in our group. Such innovativ e technology can be used for harvesting electricity from waste heat or sun light. \n\nReferences\n[1] Z.-G. Chen\, G. Han\, L. Yang\, et al.\, Pr og. Nat. Sci. 2012\, 22\, 535.\n[2] G. Han\, Z.-G. Chen\, J. Drennan\, et al.\, Small 2014\, 10\, 2747.\n[3] L. Yang\, Z.-G. Chen\, G. Han\, e t al.\, Nano Energy 2015\, 16\, 367.\n[4] M. Hong\, Z.-G. Chen\, L. Yan g\, et al.\, Adv. Elect. Mater. 2015\, 1\, 201500025.\n[5] G. Han\, Z.- G. Chen\, L. Yang\, et al.\, Acs Appl. Mater. Inter. 2015\, 7\, 989.\n[6] L. Cheng\, Z.-G. Chen\, L. Yang\, et al.\, J. Phy. Chem. C 2013\, 117\, 12458.\n[7] L. Yang\, Z.-G. Chen\, M. Hong\, et al.\, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2015\, 7\, 23694.\n[8] L. Cheng\, Z.-G. Chen\, S. Ma\, et al.\, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012\, 134\, 18920.\n[9] G. Han\, Z.-G. Chen\, L. Ya ng\, et al.\, Cryst. Growth & Design 2013\, 13\, 5092.\n[10] G. Han\, Z .-G. Chen\, C. Sun\, et al.\, CrystEngComm 2014\, 16\, 393.\n\nhttps://eve nts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/507/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/507/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Investigation of Targeting Capabilities of Peptide-conjugated Endo cannabinoid-based lipid Nanoassemblies in the Treatment of Arthritis DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T033000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T034500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-506@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Nicola Barrie (CSIRO\, Manufacturing)\nNicola Barrie \, Marina Ali\, Nicholas Manolios\, Minoo J. Moghaddam1\n\nDept Rheumatolo gy\, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney\; and\n 1Manufacturing Fla gship\, CSIRO\, North Ryde.\n\n**Aims**: To develop a novel drug delivery system using cannabinoid amphiphiles and evaluate the synovial homing capa bilities of peptide-conjugated nanoparticles for the targeted treatment of arthritic conditions.\n\n**Background:** Chronic inflammatory joint disea se is a common problem that results in a great deal of pain\, dysfunction and socio-economic hardship to those affected. We have developed and synth esized a series of endocannabinoid agonists that have the ability to self- assemble in the presence of a polar solvent to form a variety of nanoassem bled particles governed by local constraints imposed by the effective shap e of the molecule. The cannabinoid amphiphiles ability to self assemble ma kes them potentially useful vehicles for the encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic\, hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs. Furthermore\, modification of pharmacokinetic properties through polymer conjugation all ows the customisation and specific targeting of nanoparticles within a phy siological system allowing a highly sophisticated drug delivery system. T ogether\, the nanoparticles capacity for anti-arthritic drug deliver coupl ed with the targeting capability of peptides such as HAP-1\, facilitates a selective accumulation of therapeutic agents in the inflamed synovium\, p otentially improving drug efficacy at the diseased site without compromise to healthy tissue. In addition to targeted drug delivery\, the endogenou s nature of cannabinoid amphiphiles further increases biocompatibility and may act in an analgesic capacity. Modulation of the endocannabinoid recep tor system via interaction of amphiphiles endocannabinoid lipid constituen ts facilitates the potential for pain relief associated with rheumatoid ar thritis via manipulation of the endocannabinoid system. \n\n**Methods**: Lipid-based amphiphile components for nanoassemblies were synthesized in l arge scale. HPLC\, LC/MS\, Polarised optical microsopy (POM) and NMR were employed to examine the bulk phase of a variety of lipid mixtures at 25° C and 37°C. The synovium targeting peptide\, HAP-1\, and pegylated lipid s were incorportated on the surface of these nanoassemblies and its physic ochemical properties assessed using POM\, particle sizing\, and cryo-TEM. "Did" fluorochrome was incorporated into the nanoparticles lipid membrane and its bio-distribution was imaged in normal rat models via near-infrared fluorescence imaging system (NIRF).\n\n**Results and Discussion**: Endoge nous monoethanolamide lipids oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and linoleoylethanol amide (LEA) were synthesized and purified to greater than 98% purity. Both the monoethanolamide head group and the unsaturated hydrophobe are of key importance in dictating the self assembly behaviour of these molecules. T he current study demonstrated the ability of endogenous fatty acid monoeth anolamides with an increasing degree of hydrocarbon unsaturation to form c ubic phases at 25°C and 37°C. 40% OEA/60%LEA was established as the thr eshold ratio for cubic stability at physiological temperatures and therefo re the most physiologically relevant mixture. Functionalized 40% Oleoyl-PE G-2000 was synthesized\, fluorescently tagged and either conjugated with o r without HAP-1 peptide. HAP-1 conjugated nanoparticles demonstrated homin g capacity\, localising in the knee and hip joints in normal rats\, whilst untagged nanoparticles exhibited no specific distribution.\n\nhttps://eve nts01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/506/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/506/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Atomic-scale understanding of CO2 adsorption processes in metal-or ganic framework (MOF) materials using neutron scattering and ab initio cal culations DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-497@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Josie Auckett (ANSTO)\nThe dependence of the industr ialised world on fossil-fuel energy generation technologies and consequent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been blamed for emerging a dverse climate effects\, including an increase in global mean temperatures [1]. Until renewable\, carbon-free energy sources can be efficiently harn essed to meet the world’s energy needs\, interim measures are sought to suppress the atmospheric release of CO2 from traditional coal and natural gas combustion processes. Microporous materials such as zeolites and metal -organic frameworks (MOFs) are therefore being investigated for the separa tion and capture of CO2 at various stages of the combustion cycle. \n\nMOF s represent one of the most promising classes of materials for this applic ation\, offering unrivalled tunability of structural and chemical characte ristics via the substitution of metals and choice and functionalisation of ligands [2]. In order for a MOF to be rationally tuned for improved perfo rmance\, the nature of the interactions between the host framework and gue st molecules must be well-understood at the atomic level. Our research tar gets this detailed understanding of MOFs using neutron scattering and comp utational methods. \n\nWe are currently investigating several MOFs which d isplay unexpected sorption properties such as “reverse sieving” – th at is\, selectively absorbing larger gas molecules while rejecting smaller ones – and unusual lattice expansion effects. Using in situ diffraction to locate the preferred binding sites of guest molecules in the framework \, inelastic neutron scattering to probe system dynamics\, and density fun ctional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations to validate and interp ret our experimental results\, we are able to gain detailed information ab out the mechanisms of gas uptake and diffusion in these exciting new MOF m aterials.\n\n[1] S. Solomon\, G.K. Plattner et al.\, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA **106** (2009) 1704-1709.\n\n[2] G.J. Kearley & V.K. Peterson (eds.) \, Neutron Applications in Materials\, Springer (2015).\n\nhttps://events0 1.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/497/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/497/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Growth and Properties of Strain-tuned SrCoOx (2.5≤x<3) Thin Film s DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T224500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T230000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-491@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Hu Songbai (UNSW Australia)\nControlling material pr operties by strain is one of the main concepts of thin film growth technol ogy. By altering the order parameter in ferroic materials with which the lattice is coupled\, new properties can be achieved\, e.g. in perovskite SrCoOx which was identified as a parent phase of strong spin-phonon coupli ng materials. Here\, we present results on a strain-induced antiferromagn etic-ferromagnetic phase transition in high quality epitaxial SrCoOx (2.5 ≤x\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/491/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/491/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Bi(III)-containing lanthanum germanium apatite-type oxide ion cond uctors and their structure-property relationships DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T040000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T041500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-488@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Matthew Tate (Bragg Institute\, ANSTO)\nOxide ion co nductors are used in a wide variety of applications\, including oxygen sen sors and separation membranes\, but are undergoing significant study for t heir use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)\, which allow for the direct co nversion of chemical to electrical energy. Apatite-type silicates and germ anates\, La9.33+x(TO4)6O2+3x/2 (T = Si\,Ge)\, have exhibited high oxide io n conductivities\, potentially allowing for their use in SOFCs. \n\nApatit e-type compounds have the general formula\, [AI4][AII6][TO4]6X2±δ\, (A = alkaline or rare earth metal\, or Pb\; T = Ge\, Si\, P\, V\; X = O\, OH\, halides) and can be thought of as comprised of a framework of AI4(TO4)6 w ith flexible cavities containing AII6X2 units. The structures of apatite-t ype materials are primarily hexagonal\, with the remainder being monoclini c\, with several triclinic examples known. The origin of the triclinic str ucture is thought to be partly due to the size differences between the uni ts comprising the framework and those within the cavities. The inclusion o f interstitial oxide ions have been shown to promote the triclinic distort ion\, potentially caused by further expansion of the framework. \n\nThree novel Bi(III)-containing lanthanum germanium apatite compounds (Bi2La8[(Ge O4)6\n]O3\, Bi4Ca4La2[(VO4)2(GeO4)4]O2\, and Bi4Ca2La4[(GeO4)6]O2) were sy nthesised by a solid state synthetic method\, before undergoing AC impedan ce spectroscopy experiments to study their electrical properties. The Bi2L a8[(GeO4)6\n]O3 compound has been identified as being the first bismuth co ntaining apatite with a triclinic structure\, whilst the Bi4-containing co mpounds possess hexagonal structures. All samples show high levels of cond uctivity\, with the triclinic sample possessing higher conductivity values than the hexagonal samples at high temperature.\n\nhttps://events01.synch rotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/488/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/488/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Quest for zero loss: the materials selection problem in plasmonics DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T230000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T231500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-487@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Michael Cortie (University of Technology Sydney)\nUn der specific conditions incoming light can excite a wavelike oscillatory r esonance in the free electrons of a conducting material. When this oscilla tion propagates along a surface it is usually termed a surface plasmon pol ariton\; when confined to a discrete nanoparticle as a standing wave it is more correctly termed a localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). There is currently considerable interest in 'plasmonics'- the study of both kin ds of plasmon- because applications as diverse as biosensors\, optical co mputing\, rectenna arrays\, and meta-materials can make use of them. The s trength of the plasmon resonance that can be excited depends on the geom etric shape of the structure and\, most importantly\, its dielectric funct ion at the wavelength of interest. The dielectric function\, in turn\, dep ends directly upon the electronic density-of-states of the relevant materi al. Here we consider how the dielectric function can be optimised for a de sired type of plasmon resonance by selection of a suitable material. The m etallic elements Au and Ag are well known material choices for these appli cations\, Al and Cu are also possibilities\, while Na and K have very suit able dielectric functions but rather unfavourable chemical properties. The re are additional possibilities offered by alloying or compound formation and we present examples drawn from our own work on the Ag-Au\, Cu-Au\, Al- Au\, Al-Pt\, Au-Ni and Cu-Zn systems [1-6] as examples of what can be achi eved. The most important strategy when matching material to desired plasmo n resonance is that the energy range over which interband transitions occu r must\, in general\, be avoided. Given the manner in which the Drude and interband components of the dielectric function interact\, the region just below the absorption edge energy is particularly attractive. This can be accessed by suitable selection of material or by manipulation of the geome try or dielectric environment of the nanostructure of interest. In additio n to metals\, however\, a range of semiconducting compounds are also of in terest for plasmonic applications\, although generally at somewhat longer wavelengths than for the metals. The diverse possibilities offered by thes e compounds are assessed.\n\nReferences\n\n1. K. S. B. De Silva\, A. Gentl e\, M. Arnold\, V. J. Keast & M. B. Cortie\, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.\, vol .48\, 2015\, pp.215304.\n\n2. V. Keast\, K. Birt\, C. Koch\, S. Supansombo on & M. Cortie\, Applied Physics Letters\, vol.99\, 2011\, pp.111908.\n\n3 . V. J. Keast\, R. L. Barnett & M. B. Cortie\, J. Phys. Cond. Matter.\, vo l.26\, 2014\, pp.article 305501.\n\n4. V. J. Keast\, J. Ewald\, K. S. B. D . Silva\, M. B. Cortie\, B. Monnier\, D. Cuskelly & E. H. Kisi\, J. Alloy s & Compounds\, vol.647\, 2015\, pp.129-135.\n\n5. V. J. Keast\, B. Zwan\, S. Supansomboon\, M. B. Cortie & P. O. Å. Persson\, J. Alloys Compd.\, vol.577\, 2013\, pp.581-586.\n\n6. D. J. McPherson\, S. Supansomboon\, B. Zwan\, V. J. Keast\, D. L. Cortie\, A. Gentle\, A. Dowd & M. B. Cortie\, Thin Sol. Films\, vol.551\, 2014\, pp.200-204.\n\nhttps://events01.synchro tron.org.au/event/19/contributions/487/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/487/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Hydrates under pressure – new insights from sulfuric acid hydrat es DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-486@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Helen Maynard-Casely (Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation)\nHydrates are a rich and diverse class of materi als that display a wide range of structures and properties – a feature t hat is only exaggerated when they are subjected to high-pressures. Conseq uently\, these have implications on our understanding of many outer solar system bodies\, where hydrates are amongst the dominant materials found th ere. \n\nFor Europa and Ganymede\, two moons under intense investigation from past and future space missions\, their surfaces seen to be mostly wat er-ice and hydrates. Despite the apparent ‘simplicity’ of these mater ials\, we still observe very complex geological formations on these moons – including subduction [1]. Hence\, we need to understand the transform ations of candidate surface materials under a range of pressure/temperatur e conditions in order to accurately explain the formations on these icy su rfaces. \n\nOne hydrate candidate material for the surfaces of these moons are sulfuric acid hydrates\, formed from radolytic sulfur (from Io) react ing with the surface ice. Sulfuric acid hydrates have already been establ ished to have a complex phase diagram with composition [2]. \n\nWe have n ow used the Mito cell [3] at the PLANET instrument [4] to undertake the fi rst investigation of the high-pressure behavior of the water rich sulfuric acid hydrates. Compressing at 100 K and 180 K we see that the hemitriska idekahydrate becomes the stable water-rich hydrate and observe some intere sting relaxation behaviour in this material at pressure\, which could have significant consequences for the interiors of Ganymede. \n\n1. Kattenh orn\, S.A. and L.M. Prockter\, Evidence for subduction in the ice shell of Europa. Nature Geosci\, 2014. 7(10): p. 762-767.\n2. Maynard-Casely\, H.E.\, H.E.A. Brand\, and K.S. Wallwork\, Phase relations between the wate r-rich sulfuric acid hydrates\, potential markers of thermal history on Ju piter’s icy moons. Icarus\, 2014. 238(0): p. 59-65.\n3. Komatsu\, K.\ , et al.\, Development of a new P–T controlling system for neutron-scatt ering experiments. High Pressure Research\, 2013. 33(1): p. 208-213.\n4. Hattori\, T.\, et al.\, Design and performance of high-pressure PLANET b eamline at pulsed neutron source at J-PARC. Nuclear Instruments and Method s in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators\, Spectrometers\, Detectors and Associated Equipment\, 2015. 780(0): p. 55-67.\n\nhttps://events01.syn chrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/486/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/486/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Capturing the transition from 3C SiC(111) to graphene by XPS and S TM in Ultra High Vacuum DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T221500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T223000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-484@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Nunzio Motta (Queensland University of Technology)\n By using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscop y we have been able to follow the time evolution of graphene layers obtain ed by annealing 3C SiC(111)/Si(111) crystals at different temperatures. An alysis of the atomic resolution images and of the Carbon signal provides a clear picture of the graphene formation. We have been able to visualise b y STM the first steps of graphene formation on the surface of SiC finding the sequence of reconstructions which lead from the SiC(111) surface to gr aphene\, caused by the Si sublimation. We followed by XPS the evolution of the graphene thickness at different temperatures as a function of the ann ealing time\, finding a power growth law with exponent 0.5. We show that a kinetic model\, based on a bottom-up growth mechanism\, provides a full e xplanation to the evolution of the graphene thickness as a function of tim e\, allowing to calculate the effective activation energy of the process a nd the energy barriers\, in excellent agreement with previous theoretical results. Our study provides a complete and exhaustive picture of the Si ou t-diffusion from SiC\, establishing the conditions for a perfect control o f the graphene growth by SI sublimation.\n\n\n## References ##\n\n 1. Gupt a\, B.\, M. Notarianni\, N. Mishra\, M. Shafiei\, F. Iacopi\, and N. Motta \, Evolution of epitaxial graphene layers on 3C SiC/Si (111) as a function of annealing temperature in UHV. Carbon\, 2014. 68: p. 563-572.\n 2. Gupt a\, B.\, E. Placidi\, C. Hogan\, N. Mishra\, F. Iacopi\, and N. Motta\, Th e transition from 3C SiC(111) to graphene captured by Ultra High Vacuum Sc anning Tunneling Microscopy. Carbon\, 2015. 91(0): p. 378-385.\n\nhttps:// events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/484/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/484/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Sodium for securing future renewable energy supply DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-483@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Manickam Minakshi (Murdoch University)\nThe storage and recovery of electrical energy is widely recognized as one of the most important areas for energy research. Although renewable energy such as i.e . wind and solar generated electricity is becoming increasingly available in many countries including Australia\, these sources provide only intermi ttent energy. Thus\, energy storage systems are required for load levellin g\, allowing energy to be stored and used on demand. Energy storage in rec hargeable batteries and supercapacitors is the most promising prospect for ensuring consistent energy supply [1-2] therefore allowing greater penetr ation of renewable energy into the electricity grid. Energy storage capabi lity also has obvious benefits in terms of greenhouse emissions. \n\nIssue s such as the environment\, the rapid increase in fossil fuel prices\, and the increased deployment of renewable energy sources\, provide a greater need for the development of electrochemical energy storage\, especially fo r large-scale applications. Thus\, materials research and computational mo delling play a key role in making further progress in the field of energy storage. \nEnergy storage devices based on sodium have been considered as an alternative to traditional lithium based systems because of the natural abundance\, cost effectiveness and low environmental impact of sodium. Ph osphate materials such as NaNiPO4\, NaMnPO4\, NaCoPO4 and NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/ 3PO4 will be discussed at the conference. Sodium transition metal phosphat e has served as an active electrode material for an energy storage device [3-4]. The development of sodium transition metal phosphate with special e mphasis on structural changes and novel synthetic approach can underpin te chnological advancements in small renewable energy harvesting and power ge neration technologies. The characteristics of the fabricated device such a s improved storage capability\, cycling stability\, safety and economic li fe - cycle cost made this an attractive alternative to conventional charge storage devices using more expensive materials.\n\n**References**\n1. J. Zhang\, J. Jiang\, H. Li\, and X. S. Zhao\, Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 4009 .\n2. C. Liu\, F. Li\, L.-P. Ma\, M.-M. Cheng\, Adv. Mater. 22 (2010) E 28.\n3. M. Minakshi\, D. Meyrick and D. Appadoo\, Energy & Fuels 27 (20 13) 3516.\n4. M. Minakshi\, T. Watcharatharapong\, S. Chakraborty\, R. Ahuja\, S. Duraisamy\, P. T. Rao and N. Munichandraiah\, Dalton Trans. (20 15) DOI 10.1039/c5dt03394b.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/1 9/contributions/483/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/483/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Crystallographic and magnetic structure study in SrCo3-x by high r esolution x-Ray and neutron powder diffraction DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T003000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T004500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-479@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Fenfen Chang (The school of physics\, university of New South Wales\, NSW 2052)\nTransition metal oxides (TMOs) represent a wi de set of materials with a broad range of functionalities\, including supe rconductivity\, magnetism\, and ferroelectricity\, which can be tuned by c areful choice of parameters such as strain\, oxygen content\, and applied electric and magnetic fields [1-4]. This tunability makes TMO’s ideal ca ndidate materials for use in developing novel information and energy techn ologies and SrCoO3 provides a particularly interesting system for investig ation due to its propensity to form oxygen-vacancy-ordered structures as t he oxygen content is decreased. The ties between structural and functional properties of this material are obvious as it undergoes simultaneousy str uctural and magnetic phase transitions between two topotactic phases: from a ferromagnetic perovskite phase at SrCoO3.0 to the antiferromagnetic bro wnmillerite SrCoO2.5 [1\,5].\nIn this study we have determined their cryst allographic and magnetic structures of SrCoO2.50\, SrCoO2.75\, SrCoO2.875\ , and cubic SrCoO3.00 using high resolution X-ray and neutron powder diffr action from 4 K to 600 K. The correct structure of oxygen-deficient end-me mber SrCoO2.5 was determined in space group of Imma\, instead of Pnma or I ma2 proposed previously\, with G-type antiferromagnetic order up to TN = 5 70 K. In SrCoO2.875\, clear peak splitting was observed from (200) in cubi c phase to (004) and (440) in tetragonal phase\, indicating that the preci se structure is I4/mmm with a = b = 10.829(9) Å and c = 7.684(2) Å at 95 K. the corresponding magnetic structure is ferromagnetic with 1.86(4) µB per formula\, in accordance to a spin configuration of cobalt ions with a n intermediate spin state of both on Co3+ and on Co4+. The end member S rCoO3.00 possesses a simple cubic crystal structure with a = 3.817(2) Å a t 95 K\, and ferromagnetic order up to 280 K. The magnetic moment of 1.96( 8) µB /Co4+ corresponds to an intermediate spin state of Co4+. \ n[1] H. Jeen et al.\, Nature Mater. 12\, 1057 (2013). [2] Yang et al.\, Na ture Mater. 8\, 485 (2009). [3] J. Seidel et al.\, Nature Com. 3\, 799 (20 11). [4] T. Takeda\, et al.\, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22\, 970 (1972). [5] S. J . Callori\, J. Seidel\, C. Ulrich et al.\, Phys. Rev. B 91\, 140405(R) (20 15).\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/479/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/479/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Effects of $^{18}$O isotope substitution in multiferroic $R$MnO$_3 $ ($R$=Tb\, Dy) DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T223000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T224500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-478@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Paul Graham (University of New South Wales)\nMultife rroic materials demonstrate desirable attributes for next-generation multi functional devices as they exhibit coexisting ferroelectric and magnetic o rders. In type-II multiferroics\, coupling exists that allows ferroelectri city to be manipulated via magnetic order and vice versa\, offering potent ial in high-density information storage and sensor applications. Despite e xtensive investigations into the subject\, questions of the physics of mag netoelectric coupling in multiferroics remain\, and competing theories pro pose different mechanisms. The aim of this investigation was to study chan ges in the statics and dynamics of structural\, ferroelectric and magnetic orders with oxygen-18 isotope substitution to shine light into the coupli ng mechanism in multiferroic $R$MnO3 ($R$=Tb\, Dy) systems.\n\nWe have per formed Raman spectroscopy on $^{16}$O and $^{18}$O-substituted TbMnO3 sing le crystals. Oxygen-18 isotope substitution reduces all phonon frequencies significantly. However\, specific heat measurements determine no changes in Mn$^{3+}$ (28 and 41 K) magnetic phase transition temperatures. Pronoun ced anomalies in peak position and linewidth at the magnetic and ferroelec tric phase transitions. While the anomalies at the sinusoidal magnetic pha se transition (41 K) are in accordance to the theory of spin-phonon coupli ng\, further deviations develop upon entering the ferroelectric phase (28 K). Furthermore\, neutron diffraction measurements on $^{16}$O and $^{18}$ O-substituted DyMnO$_{3}$ powders show structural deviations at the ferroe lectric phase transition (17 K) in the order of 100 fm in the $b$ directio n. The $Pbnm$ space group is centrosymmetric and therefore does not allow ferroelectricity via atomic displacements\, however our Reitveld analysis for the subgroup P2$_1$ shows significant displacements and polarisation a long $b$ that is comparable to the experimental value\, making it the most promising candidate for ionic displacement induced polarisation in DyMnO$ _{3}$. These combined results demonstrate that structure is an important c onsideration in the emergence of ferroelectricity in these materials.\n\nh ttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/478/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/478/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:X-radiation in health and disease: Novel approaches to the study o f disease processes and therapy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-476@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Damian Myers (The University of Melbourne)\nOur curr ent medical knowledge and understanding of human biology and physiology ha ve been predicated by our capacity to image organs\, body structures\, dif ferent types of tissues and particular cell types. These imaging modalitie s range from advanced microscopy for imaging of cells and tissues through to 2D and 3D macroscopic techniques for imaging of tissues and organs. Sof t tissues in particular are difficult to image\, especially when surrounde d by dense structures such as bone. Also\, some regions\, such as the brai n\, require special investigative techniques as they are closed tissue/org an structures with low contrast features.\n\nMedical diagnoses\, monitorin g of disease progression\, efficacy of therapies and the recent advent of ‘targeted imaging’ rely upon techniques such as X-ray analysis\, MRI\, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and more. In this seminar several rec ent adaptions of X-ray and synchrotron-based X-ray science will be related . In particular\, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCXI)\, also termed microf ocus imaging\, X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM) and Microbeam X-ray The rapy (MRT) will be discussed. \n\nSince the discovery of X-rays and develo pment of medical X-ray sources\, X-ray imaging has accounted for approxima tely 60% of medical diagnostic procedures\; X-ray imaging is still the pre dominant technology used in medicine. Over the past 30 years radioisotope- based imaging has expanded substantially with 3D positron emission tomogra phy (PET) and combined PET/MRI being developed for simultaneous structural and functional imaging. More recently\, advanced 3D imaging techniques h ave been aligned with targeted therapies and high resolution multi-modal i maging to improve our capabilities in definition of organ boundaries and p articular tumours and organ abnormalities. Microbeam radiation therapy (MR T) is another capability and this is currently being developed at the Aust ralian Synchrotron. \n\nSynchrotrons produce a broad range of electromagne tic radiation applicable for diverse analyses such protein crystallography \, X-radiation for fluorescence spectroscopy\, for mapping and quantificat ion of trace metals\, and for fast X-ray tomography for structural imaging . Access to synchrotron light sources has led to a renaissance in utilisat ion of X-rays for diverse imaging applications and novel radiation therapi es. \n\nDuring this seminar the importance of advanced imaging techniques and synchrotron radiation to enable investigation of a range of diseases will be related. This presentation will include specific studies in which application of synchrotron radiation has aided investigations into bone di sease and bone cancers\, the study of brain abnormalities including epilep sy and traumatic brain injury and targeted therapy using MRT. \n\nAdvanced medical imaging techniques have been central to our understanding of dise ase processes and have the potential to aid clinicians when considering th erapeutic interventions. The strong synergy that occurs in interdisciplina ry research has been crucial to these developments. Project design and eff icient implementation of advanced imaging techniques to achieve meaningful outcomes in science and medicine will also be discussed.\n\nAcknowledgeme nt: The contribution of the many scientists and organisations involved wit h this work will be related during delivery of this invited seminar.\n\nht tps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/476/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/476/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Two-dimensional Coulomb gas at negative temperature DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-468@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Tapio Simula (Monash University)\nLars Onsager is pe rhaps best known as the recipient of 1968 Nobel Prize in chemistry and by his tour de force solution to the two-dimensional Ising model. However\, h is remarkable insight predicting the quantisation of vorticity in superflu id helium and the statistical mechanics description of two-dimensional tur bulence have received much less attention. In this talk\, I will briefly review certain aspects of the problem of two-dimensional turbulence with a particular emphasis on Onsager’s statistical hydrodynamics model. I wil l then apply this model to turbulent superfluid Bose—Einstein condensate s in which the quantised vortices have a long-range effective interaction and can be mapped to a two-dimensional Coulomb gas of positive and negativ e charged particles. By observing the dynamics of such vortex charges in n umerical simulations we have found them to spontaneously arrange to large scale vortex clusters\, coined Onsager vortices\, that correspond to absol ute negative Boltzmann temperatures [1]. I will discuss the microscopic me chanism leading to the emergence of such novel states of matter. Finally\, I will outline the recent progress in Australia and elsewhere toward expe rimentally observing such states [2] with the prospect of realising Onsage r’s prediction of super vortices in two-dimensional fluid turbulence. \ n\n\n[1] “Emergence of Order from Turbulence in an Isolated Planar Supe rfluid”\,\nTapio Simula\, Matthew J. Davis\, and Kristian Helmerson\,\nP hysical Review Letters **113**\, 165302 (2014).\n\n[2] “Vortex Gyroscope Imaging of Planar Superfluids”\, A. T. Powis\, S. J. Sammut\, and T . P. Simula\, Physical Review Letters **113**\, 165303 (2014).\n\nhttps: //events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/468/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/468/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:One-step synthesis of n-type Mg$_2$Ge DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T034500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-461@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Rafael Santos (Australian Institute of Innovative Ma terials (AIIM)\, University of Wollongong)\nMagnesium-based thermoelectri c materials (Mg$_2$X\, X = Si\, Sn\, Ge) have received considerable attent ion due to their availability\, low toxicity and reasonably good thermoele ctric performance. However\, the synthesis of these materials with high pu rity is challenging due to the volatility and high vapor pressure of magne sium. In the current study\, single phase *n*-type Mg$_2$Ge has been fabri cated through the one-step reaction of elemental Ge and MgH$_2$ using spar k plasma sintering (SPS). This technique was used previously on the synthe sis of high purity nanocrystalline Mg$_2$Si as an alternative to melting p rocedures\, believed to reduce the formation of oxides due to the liberati on of hydrogen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of fabricated bulk sample s shows single phase Mg$_2$Ge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates that t he final composition has Mg deficiency\, even when excess Mg of the stoich iometry is added to the starting materials. Previous reports highlighted t he effect of non-stoichiometric amounts of Mg on the thermoelectric proper ties of Mg-based alloys\, especially in *n*-type compounds where Mg vacanc ies act as electron acceptors and severely reduce the efficiency of dopant s. Thermoelectric properties measurements show that intrinsic Mg$_2$Ge exh ibits *n*-type behavior. This work investigates the efficiency of Bi as do pant for one-step fabrication of *n*-type Mg$_2$Ge to improve its thermoel ectric performance. Bismuth doping results in a significant reduction of e lectrical resistivity while the compound remains *n*-type\, proving Bi as an electron donor in Mg$_2$Ge\, as suggested by theoretical studies. Howev er\, the impact of Bi-doping on the thermoelectric properties of Mg$_2$Ge is much smaller than predicted values. Detailed microscopy analysis reveal ed the formation of Bi-rich precipitates at the grain boundaries of the Mg -deficient Mg$_2$Ge matrix\, indicating very limited solubility of Bi in t his compound. It suggests low efficiency of Bi as an *n*-type dopant for M g$_2$Ge.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/461 / LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/461/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Experimental observations of grain-scale property coupling in elec troceramics DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T230000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T231500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-459@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: John Daniels (UNSW)\nFundamental understanding of el ectro-mechanical properties of ceramics requires detailed multi-length-sca le analysis methods. Previously\, information of the grain-scale property coupling of elastic strain and domain switching behavior under electric f ields has been unobtainable from the bulk of an electro-ceramic material. Here\, grain resolved scattering methods have been used to investigate th e phase and domain structure of individual grains within bulk polycrystall ine electro-ceramic samples under electric field. Example materials are c hosen which undergo contrasting strain mechanisms including field-induced phase transformations\, and ferroelectric/ferroelastic domain switching.\n \nThe data obtained show that the grain orientation with respect to the ap plied electric field vector dictates both the induced phase and degree of domain texturing observed within a given grain. Such knowledge will be of potential benefit to the future engineering of high-strain actuators\, bu t also has implications for all polycrystalline ferroic materials.\n\nhttp s://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/459/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/459/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Engineering the Diamond Surface for Quantum Technologies DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T030000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T033000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-455@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alastair Stacey (Centre of Excellence for Quantum Co mputation and Communication Technology\, The University of Melbourne)\nQua ntum technologies promise exciting and transformative futures in many area s of human endeavour. An example is the field of bio-sensing\, where quant um probes are already being used to answer fundamental questions about liv ing cells. In these applications diamond often takes centre stage\, as a m aterial which simultaneously exhibits both bio-friendly and quantum-friend ly properties. This presentation will review efforts to exploit diamond fo r quantum bio-sensing applications\, encompassing practical cellular measu rements to the development of fundamentally new sensing techniques. In par ticular\, I will address the biggest materials challenge we currently face \, which is the presence of uncontrolled defects at the solid state surfac e\, and detail the use of surface science techniques\, based at the Austra lian Synchrotron\, to understand and re-engineer this important quantum/li fe interface.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contribution s/455/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/455/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Development of Hydrophilic Materials for Nanofiltration Membrane A chieving Dual Resistance to Fouling and Chlorine DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T231500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T233000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-452@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Xi Quan Cheng (School of Chemical Engineering and Te chnology\, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (S KLUWRE)\, Harbin Institute of Technology\, Harbin 150001\, P.R. China\;Man ufacturing Flagship \,CSIRO\, Private Bag 33\, Clayton South MDC\, VIC 316 9\, Australia.)\nA hydrophilic thin-film-composite (TFC) nanofiltration ( NF) membrane has been developed through the interfacial polymerization (IP ) of amino-functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trimesoyl chloride. Th e selective layer is formed on a polyethersulfone (PES) support that is ch aracterized using FTIR\, XPS and SEM\, and is dependent on monomer immersi on duration\, and the concentration of monomers and additives. The higher hydrophilicity alongside the larger pore size of the PEG-based selective l ayer is the key to a high water flux of 66.0 L m-2 h-1 at 5.0 bar. With me an pore radius of 0.42 nm and narrow pore size distribution\, the MgSO4 re jections of the PEG based PA TFC NF membranes can reach up to 80.2 %. The hydrophilic PEG based membranes shows positive charged since the isoelectr ic points range from pH=8.9 to pH=9.1 and the rejection rates for differen t salts of the novel membranes are in the order of R(MgCl2)>R(MgSO4)>R(NaC l)>R(Na2SO4). The pore sizes and water permeability of these membranes are tailored by varying the molecular weight and molecular architecture of am ino-functional PEG. Due to the unique structure of the selective layer of the PEG based membranes consisting of saturated aliphatic construction uni t (CH2-CH2-O)\, the membranes demonstrate dual resistance to fouling and c hlorine. The membranes maintain good salt rejections and high water flux o f PEG based membranes after treatment by 2000 ppm NaClO for 24 hours. Int erestingly\, the PEG based membranes exhibit excellent fouling resistance with a water flux recovery of 90.2 % using BSA as a model molecule. More importantly\, the hydrophilic PEG based NF membranes have been exploited t o separate several water soluble antibiotics (such as tobramycin\, an amin oglycoside antibiotic applied in the treatment of various types of bacteri al infections)\, showing excellent performance in concentration or removal of antibioics.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributi ons/452/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/452/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Focusing of electrons and holes in semiconductors: from semi-class ical dynamics to spintronics DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T004500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160205T010000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-451@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Samuel Bladwell (The University of New South Wales)\ nThe dynamics of charge carriers in spin-orbit coupled systems is a vital area of investigation for the extremely active field of spintronics. Contr olling and manipulating the flow of electrons and holes serves as the foun dation of an entire class of spintronic devices\, most notably the Datta-D as spin transistor \\cite{Datta1990}. In this talk\, I give an overview of the dynamics of charge carriers in such semiconductor systems\, subject t o external fields\, in the context of magnetic focusing experiments. This experimental technique involves the coherent focusing of charge carriers o ver a scale of micrometers by a weak magnetic field\, from an injector to a collector quantum point contact (QPC) \\cite{Vanhouten1989\, Rokhinson20 04}. I will present a detailed semi-classical theory for the focusing of b oth electrons and holes for general spin orbit interactions\, and show tha t for the experimentally interesting case of polarization inducing in-plan e magnetic fields\, a significant change in the magnetic focusing spectrum is possible. \n\n\\bibitem{Datta1990}\nS. Datta\, and B. Das\, {Appl. Ph ys. Lett. {\\bf 56}\, 665 (1990).\n\n\\bibitem{Vanhouten1989}\nH. Van Hout en}\, C. W. J. Beenakker\, J. G. Williamson\, M. E I Broekaart\, \nP. H. M . Van Loosdrecht\, B. J. Van Wees\, J. E. Mooij\, C. T. Foxon\, \nand J. J. Harris\, Phys. Rev. B.{\\bf 39}\, 8556 (1989).\n\n\\bibitem{Rokhinso n2004}\nL. P. Rokhinson\, V Larkina\, Y. B. Lyanda-Geller\, L. N. Pfeiffer \, K. W. West\,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf 93}\, 146601 (2004).\n\nhttps://ev ents01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/451/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/451/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Unconventional Molecular Weight Dependence of Charge Transport in a High Mobility n-type Semiconducting Polymer DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-448@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Masrur Morshed Nahid (Monash University)\nSemiconduc ting polymers are of interest for a range of applications including organi c light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)\, polymer solar cells and flexible electro nics. When used as the active layer in solution-processed organic field-ef fect transistors (OFETs) one usually finds that charge carrier mobility in creases with increasing molecular weight\, due to the ability of longer ch ains to bridge regions of local order. Here an unconventional molecular we ight dependence of charge transport is reported in n-channel OFETs based o n the semiconducting polymer poly{[ N \, N ′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphtha lene-1\,4\,5\,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2\,6-diyl]-alt-5\,5′-(2\,2′-bithiop hene)}\, **P(NDI2OD-T2)**. Five different molecular weights have been stud ied (10 kDa\, 17 kDa\, 30 kDa\, 35 kDa and 41 kDa) with the charge carrier mobility in top gate bottom contact (TGBC) OFETs found to systematically increase with decreasing molecular weight. To understand the origin of thi s effect\, the aggregating behaviour of polymer chains in solution has bee n studied\, as well as the thin-film microstructure. From optical absorpti on measurements\, which are sensitive to the polymer chain conformation\, it is found that low molecular weight chains have an open coil conformatio n while higher molecular weight chains adopt a collapsed\, or aggregated c onformation. Analysis of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements sugges t a higher degree of polymer chain alignment in low molecular weight sampl es. Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy measur ements have also been performed that show a similar molecular orientation (backbone tilt) at the surface for all the molecular weight samples. Taken together\, these results indicate that upon solution processing\, the low er molecular weight samples are able to form more chain-extended thin-film morphologies that promote charge transport than the higher molecular weig ht samples that self-aggregate in solution produces less favorable morphol ogies.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/448/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/448/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:An investigation of magnetic structure and spin reorientation in C r and Mn doped rare earth ferrites using neutron powder diffraction DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T011500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T013000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-444@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Xinzhi Liu (China Institute of Atomic Energies\, Bei jing\, 102413\, China/Bragg institute\, ANSTO\, 2232\, NSW)\nRare earth or thoferrite RFeO3 is a family of perovskite with fantastic property\, such as ultra-fast spin switching[1]\, photomagnetic excitation[2]and multiferr ocity[3]. These properties usually determined by their magnetic structure and unique spin reorientation(SR) effect. The antisymmetric interaction(DM interaction)[4] induce a weak ferromagnetism at room temperature\, while the large anisotropic interaction of R3+ ion induce a rotation of Fe3+ spi n in the ac or ab plane\, viz. spin reorientation. Usually there are 3 typ es magnetic structure for orthoferrite\, in terms of Bertaut’s notation[ 5]\, $\\Gamma_{4}(G_xA_yFz)$\, $\\Gamma_2(F_xC_yG_z)$ and $\\Gamma_1(A_xG_ yC_z)$. For most of magnetic $R^{3+}$\, there is $\\Gamma_{4}(G_xA_yF_z) \ \rightarrow \\Gamma_2(F_xC_yG_z)$ transition except $R^{3+}=Dy^{3+}$ upon cooling[6]\, which show a $\\Gamma_{4} \\rightarrow \\Gamma_1$. We inves tigated the magnetic structure and SR transition of Cr doped $HoFeO_3$ and Mn-doped $TbFeO_3$ using neutron powder diffraction. We found Cr substitu tion for Fe leads to an increasing SR transition temperature of $\\Gamma_4 \\rightarrow \\Gamma_2$ dramatically. On the other side\, the Mn substitu tion of Fe in $TbFeO_3$ vanishes the $\\Gamma_4 \\rightarrow \\Gamma_2$ tr ansition while induces a novel $\\Gamma_4 \\rightarrow \\Gamma_1 \\rightar row \\Gamma_4 $ transition. This is unusual because it is usually think it is the the anisotropic rare earth ion determines the SR property. Our obs ervation demonstrate a delicate balance of magnetic interaction in system. This will provide us new interesting physics and potential functional mat erials. \n\nReferences\n\n[1] A. V. Kimel\, B. A. Ivanov\, R. V. Pisarev\ , P. A. Usachev\,A. Kirilyuk\, and T. Rasing\, Nat. Phys.5\, 727(2009).\n\ n[2]J. A. de Jong\, A. V. Kimel\, R. V. Pisarev\, A. Kirilyuk\, and T. Ras ing\, Phys. Rev. B 84\, 104421(2011).\n\n[3]Y. Tokunaga\, S. Iguchi\,T. Ar ima and Y. Tokura\, Phys.Rev.Lett.101\,097205 (2008)\n \n[4]I. Dzyaloshins kii\, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 4\, 241 (1958)\; T. Moriya\, Phys. Rev. 120\, 91 (1960).\n\n[5]E. F. Bertaut\, Magnetism\, edited by G. T. Rado and H. S uhl (Academic\, New York\, 1963)\, Vol. 3\, p. 149.\n\n[6]R. L. White\, J. Appl. Phys. 40\, 1061(1969)\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/ 19/contributions/444/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/444/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The Australian Synchrotron in 2015 – Turning Bright Ideas into B rilliant Outcomes DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T223000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160202T224500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-443@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Michael James (Australian Synchrotron)\nWhen VIP vis itors come to the Australian Synchrotron (Commonwealth Ministers & their m inders\, Directors of national and international laboratories & research i nstitutes\; VCs & DVCRs\; my Mother-in-Law\;…) we like to play a little game to try and impress them and to demonstrate the impact of our efforts. It goes a little like this:\n\nMike: “Pick a topic\, any topic\, and I will tell you how we make a difference to that\, by research carried-out at the Australian Synchrotron”. (It helps a little if they have an inte rest in a specific disease or medical condition\, but this is not essentia l).\nVIP: “Well…\, How about…”.\nAnd so on...\n\nA strange way to try and achieve the much-needed financial security that our facility so ne eds I hear you say\; and yes\, when we face some of our more imaginative f oes\, the link to their topic can be more than a little tenuous. (Ok some times\, we crash and burn). However\, for the most part\, with about 1000 experiments per year to choose from\, we walk away with our heads held hi gh.\n\nMy talk will give a brief overview of the Australian Synchrotron\, as well as its status and future as one of the most substantial pieces of research infrastructure in the country. I will present some recent resear ch highlights\, particularly pertaining to condensed matter research\, and challenge you to challenge us to see how the Australian Synchrotron can m ake a difference to your research.\nPick a topic\, any topic…\n\nhttps:/ /events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/443/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/443/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Inelastic neutron scattering as a means for determining the magnet ic exchange interactions in the frustrated quantum spin chain\, Linarite. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T010000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160204T011500Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-435@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Kirrily Rule (The Bragg Institute\, ANSTO)\nOne of t he simplest models exhibiting one dimensional (1D) frustrated quantum inte ractions is the so called J1-J2 model. In this model competing ferromagne tic nearest-neighbour interactions (J1>0) and antiferromagnetic next-neare st-neighbours (J2\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contribu tions/435/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/435/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Quantitative Femtosecond Charge Transfer Dynamics at Organic/Elect rode Interfaces Studied by Core-Hole Clock Spectroscopy DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T000000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T003000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-434@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Dongchen Qi (Department of Chemistry and Physics\, L IMS\, La Trobe University)\nOrganic semiconductors have important applicat ions in organic electronics and other novel hybrid devices. In these devic es\, the transport of charge carriers across the interfaces between organi c molecules and electrodes plays an important role in determining the devi ce performance. Charge transfer dynamics at these interfaces usually occur s at the several femtoseconds timescale which presents tremendous challeng es to conventional pumb-probe based time-resolved techniques. In this talk \, I will introduce our recent work in the application of synchrotron-base d core-hole clock (CHC) spectroscopy on the quantitative characterisation of charge transfer dynamics in several model organic/electrode systems. Th e CHC technique allows us to quantify the interfacial charge transfer time s with element and site/orbital specificity. Combined with other soft x-ra y spectroscopies\, it enables us to identify a few critical factors affect ing the charge transfer dynamics at organic/electrode interfaces.\n\n\n\n\ n**Reference**\n\nL. Cao\, X.-Y. Gao\, A. T. S. Wee\, and D.-C. Qi\, *Adv. Mater.* **26**\, 7880 (2014).\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/even t/19/contributions/434/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/434/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Graphene Nanoplatelet Biodegradable Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T224500Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160203T230000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260513T213954Z UID:indico-contribution-19-432@events01.synchrotron.org.au DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Sima Kashi (School of Civil\, Environmental and Chem ical Engineering\, RMIT University)\nWith excellent characteristics such a s high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity\, graphene nanopl atelets (GNPs) can be used for reinforcing polymers and developing novel m aterials. In the current study\, different concentrations of GNPs (0-15 wt %) were embedded into poly lactide and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephtha late) which are among the leading biodegradable polymers. Morphology of th e nanocomposites was studied via scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray di ffraction. Effect of GNP loading on electrical conductivity and thermal st ability of the two matrices were determined. Results showed significant en hancement in both conductivity and thermal stability of polymers with addi tion of GNPs.\n\nhttps://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contribution s/432/ LOCATION: URL:https://events01.synchrotron.org.au/event/19/contributions/432/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR